Ecosystems at the Land-Sea Margin: Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea

378 Pages·8.408 MB·English

Coastal and Estuarine Studies
Series Editors:
Malcolm J. Bowman Christopher N.K.
Coastal
and Estuarine Studies
55
ThomasC . Malone,A lenkaM alej,
LawrenceW . HardingJ, r., NenadS modlaka,
and R. EugeneT urner( Eds.)
Ecosystems at the
Land-Sea Margin
Drainage Basin to Coastal Sea
American GeophysicalU nion
Washington,
Series Editors
Malcolm J. Bowman
Marine Sciences Research Center
State Universityo f New York
Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
Christopher N. K. Mooers
Divisiono f AppliedM arine Physics
RSMAS
Universityo f Miami
4600 RickenbackerC swy.
Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA
Editors
Thomas C. Malone Nenad Smodlaka
Horn Point EnvironmentalL aboratory Director, Ruder Bo(cid:127),kovie Institute
Universityo f Maryland Centerf or Marine ResearchR ovinj
Cambridge, MD 21613 IRB, Zagreb
G. Paliaga 5
Alenka Malej 52210 Rovinj
National Instituteo f Biology Croatia
Marine Station Piran
Forance 41 R. Eugene Turner
66330 Piran Departmento f Oceanography
Slovenia LouisianaS tate University
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
Lawrence W. Harding, Jr.
Horn Point EnvironmentalL aboratory
University of Maryland
Cambridge, MD 21613
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ecosystems at the land-sea margin: drainage basin to coastal sea /
Thomas C. Malone...[et al.], (eds.)
p. cm -- (Coastal and estuarine studies, ISSN 0733-9569; 55)
Includes bibliographicarl eferences.
ISBN 0-87590-269-3
1. Coastal ecology. 2. Estuarinee cology. 3. Nutrientc ycles.
I. Malone, Thomas C. II. Series
QH541.5.C65E26 1999
577.5'1--dc21 98-49007
ClP
ISSN 0733-9569
ISBN 0-87590-269-3
Copyright1 999 by the AmericanG eophysicalU nion, 2000 FloridaA ve., NW, Washington,D C
20009, USA.
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Printed in the United States of
CONTENTS
Preface
Thomas C. Malone ......................................... ix
Introduction
Nenad Smodlaka,T homasC . Malone,/tlenka Malej,
and Lawrence(cid:127) . Harding, dr. ................................. I
. The ChesapeakeB ay and Northern Adriatic Sea Drainage Basins:
Land-Cover and Nutrient Export
Steven1 4/S. eagle,R omanoP agnotta,a nd Ford A. Cross ............ 7
. Shallow Water and Shoreline Ecosystemso f the ChesapeakeB ay
Compared to the Northern Adriatic Sea: Transformation of Habitat
at the Land-Sea Margin
,]. Court Stevenson,(cid:127) lanez 1. Marusi(cid:127) Bartolo Ozreti(cid:127) Anna Marson,
Giovanni Cecconii,a nd Michael S. Kearney ..................... 29
The Inland Sea: Circulation of ChesapeakeB ay and the Northern Adriatic
W. C. Boicourt,M . Kuzmi(cid:127) and T. S. Hopkins. ................... 81
Production and Fate of Phytoplankton:A nnual Cyclesa nd
Interannual Variability
LawrenceW . Harding,(cid:127) lr., Danilo Degobbis,
and Robert Precali ........................................ 131
. Dinofiagellate Bloomsa nd Mucilage Production
Kevin G. Sellnet and Serena Fonda-Umani ..................... 173
Distributions and Trophic Implicationso f Microzooplankton
D. WayneC oatsa nd Noelia Revelante. ........................ 207
Potential Links of Jellyfish to Eutrophication and Fisheries
JenniferE . Purcell,A lenkaM alej, and/tdam Benovid. ............ 241
Macrobenthic Communities and Eutrophication
Roger1 . E. Newella ndd OrgA . Ott ............................ 265
10. Pelagic-BenthicC ouplinga nd Nutrient Cycling
W. M. Kemp,(cid:127) I. Faganeli,S . PuskaricE, . M. Smith,
and 14/R. . Boynton ........................................ 295
11. Fisheries' Trends in Catches, Abundance, and Management
E. D. Houde, S. (cid:127)lukid-Peladi(cid:127) S. B. Brandt, and S. D. Leach ....... 341
12. Summary and Conclusions
AlenkaM alej, LawrenceW . Harding,J r., NenadS modlaka,
and Thomas C. Malone ..................................... 367
List of Contributors ......................................................
iSb ooiks d edicattoeN do elRiae velaan pteio, neienrt hee coloogfy
icrozoopad laendkicwtoaiafnteen,m dd otahneadrni, n spirtoaut sio n
PREFACE
Nutrient and contaminanitn putst o estuariesa nd coastals eas,t he exploitationo f
living resources,t ranslocationo f nonindigenouss pecies, and habitat loss or
modificationa rea mongt hem osts ignificanat nds ustaineadn thropogeniacl terationso f
coastael cosystemsA.l thought he chaptersth atf ollow toucho n all of thesei ssuest,h e
causesa ndc onsequenceosf nutriente nrichmenat re emphasizedN. utriente nrichment
of estuariesa nd coastals eash as increasedd ramaticallyin recentd ecadesl,a rgelya s a
consequencoe f the combustiono f fossil fuels and land-usep atternsi n coastal
watershedsr elated to increasesin populationd ensity and agriculture.H ow these
changesa nd the compoundinge ffectso f meteorologicael ventsa nd local-regional
expressionosf globalc limatec hangew ill play out in termso f ecosystemdy namicsa re
importantq uestiontsh at will driver esearcha nd monitoringin the coastazl onef or
decades to come.
Thish istoryo f thisv olumeb eginsw ith a workshopo rganizedin 1995t o conduct
a comparativea nalysiso f ecosystemosf the land-seam arginf rom drainageb asint o
coastals ea. The goals of the workshop", Trendsi n Land-Use,W ater Quality and
FisheriesA: Comparisoonf theN orthernA driaticS eaa ndt heC hesapeakBea y",w ere
to assesso ur currentu nderstandinogf nutrienti nputsa nd their effects;t o identify
prioritiesf or future researcha nd monitoringt;o facilitatet he developmenot f
cooperativree searchp rogramasn dt het ransfeor f informationa ndt echnologya;n dt o
establishc loserl inkagesb etweene nvironmentaslc iencea ndm anagement.
Thew orkshople dt o a collaboratioanm ongs cientistfsr omA ustria,C roatia,I taly,
Sloveniaa ndt he United Statest o write this book. In the processt,h reeq uestionsw ere
addressed(1:) How arel and-uspe atternrse flectedin thep athwayasn dr ateso f nitrogen
andp hosphoruesx portf rom landt o water?( 2) How dot hep hysicacl haracteristicosf
coastael cosystemtsh,e irs ize,s hapea ndc irculationre gimesi,n fluenceth e effectso f
nutrienet nrichment(?3 ) To what extentc anc hangesin fisheriesb e relatedt o changes
in waterq uality?A lthoughc omparisoonf then orthernA driatica ndC hesapeakBea y
hasy ieldedin terestinign sighttso theseq uestionsit, h asa lsoi llustratedth e inadequacy
of currenkt nowledgea sa basisfo r understandinagn dp redictingth ee ffectso f land-use
practiceos n coastael cosystemasn dt her esourcetsh eys upportW. e believet hatt his
volume will stimulater esearcha nd monitoringp rogramsw hich will enable us to
understantdh e effectso f land-usep racticeosn coastael stuarinaen dm arinee cosystems.
Thisu nderstandinwgi ll enablet he formulationa ndi mplementatioonf moree ffective
policiesfo r integratemd anagemeonft thee nvironmenatn dn aturarle sources.
Thee ditorsg ratefullya cknowledgteh es ponsorshoipf thew orkshopb y the U.S.-
Croatiana ndU .S.-SlovenianJ ointB oardsw ith fundingf rom the Republico f Croatia,
StateD irectoratefo r EnvironmentM; inistryf or Environmentaal ndP hysicalP lanning
of theR epublico f Sloveniaa;n db y theU .S.N ationaOl ceanographaincd A tmospheric
Administration,N ational ScienceF oundation,L and-Margin EcosystemR esearch
Programa,n dE nvironmentaPlr otectioAn gencyM, ultiscaleE xperimentaElc osystem
ResearchC entero f the Universityo f MarylandC enterf or EnvironmentaSl cience.
Thomas C. Malone
Introduction
NenadS modlakaT, homasC . Malone,A lenkaM alej and
LawrenceW . Harding,J r.
The coastalz one from drainageb asin to coastalo cean is a mosaico f complex,
interactinge cosystemtsh at includeu plandt errestrial,w etland,f reshwatere, stuarinea nd
marineh abitatsI.t is a regiont hatp rovidesa diversityo f goodsa nds ervicesfr om desirable
environmentfso r peoplet o live andr ecreatet,o portsa ndw aterwaysfo r shippinga ndn atural
resourcefso r food andf uel. Preciselyfo r theser easonsh, umanp opulationsa re becoming
increasinglyc oncentrateadl ongc ontinentaml arginsw herep rojectionsin dicatet hat over
75% of the world'sp opulationw ill live by the year2 020. A recenta nalysiso f the valueo f
ecosystemse rvicess uggesttsh atc oastawl atersc, omprisingo nly 6% of thew orld'ss urface
area,a ccounfto r nearly4 0% of goodsa nd services[C ostanzae t al., 1997]. Althought his
analysisis controversiali,t underscoreasn importantr eality: as humanp opulationsa nd
activitiesin creasein coastawl atershedsth, ec ombinede ffectso f globalc limatec hangea nd
humana lterationso f the environmenat re likely to be especiallyp ronouncedin coastal
aquatice cosystemwsh ereg oodsa nds ervicesa rec oncentrateadn di nputso f materialsa nd
energyf rom land,s ea,a ir, andp eoplec onverge[ Malonea ndN emazie,1 996].
Nutrient enrichment[ Cole et al., 1993; Vitousek et al. 1997], anoxice vents[ Rabalais
et al., 1991; Malone, 1992; Justide t al., 1993], harmful algal blooms [Smayda, 1990;
Hallegraeff,1 993], fish kills [Granelie t al., 1989], habitatl oss [Mitch et al., 1994], the
exploitationo f living resources[ Houde and Rutherford, 1993], and translocationo f
nonindigenoussp ecies[C arlton,1 996] area mongt he moreo bviouse xampleso f suchh uman
alterationsE. pisodicm eteorologicaelv entsa ndl ongert ermc limatec hangew ill continuet o
compoundth e environmentaelf fectso f local andr egionalh umana ctivitiesI.n additiont o
their profounde ffectso n the habitatsb, iodiversitya ndp roductivityo f coastael cosystems,
environmentaclh angess ucha s thesew ill make coastale cosystemms ore susceptibleto
naturalh azardsm, orec ostlyt o live in, ando f lessv aluet o society[ USNRC, 1994;W atson
et al., 1998].
A majors cientificc hallengea risingf rom humane xploitationo f coastael cosystemiss
thed evelopmenotf a predictiveu nderstandinogf ther elationshipbse tweenla nd-usep attems
in coastald rainageb asinsa nd changesin the water quality and living resourceso f their
receivingw atersM. any coastaal quatice cosystemisn,c ludingth e northernA driaticS ea( NA)
Ecosystemast the Land-SeaM argin:D rainageB asint o CoastalS ea
Coastala nd EstuarineS tudiesV olume 55, Pages1 -6
Copyright1 999 by the AmericanG eophysical
2 Introduction
andC hesapeaBkea y( CB)( Fig.1 ),h aveb eens ubjectetdo increaseins n utrienint putsth at
reflectc hangeisn land-usep atternsa s humanp opulationd ensitieisn coastawl atersheds
havei ncrease[dS eaglee t al., thisv olume]T. hec haptertsh atf ollowa ret hep roducot f a
workshotph atw asa firsta ttemptto conducat comparativaen alysiosf ecosystemofs t he
land-sema arginf,r omd rainagbea sinto coastasle aa, sa meanosf developinag m orer obust
understandionfg th er elationshibpest weecnh anginlga nd-uspea tternasn dt hes tructuraen d
functiono f coastaml arinee cosystem[sM alonee t al., 1996].
Then ortherAnd riaticS ea( NA) andC hesapeaBkea y( CB)s ystemesx hibiitm portant
similaritieasn dc ontrastths atm otivatetdh ec omparativaen alysirse porteidn thisb ook.F or
purposoesf c omparisothne,S usquehanRnivae rd rainagbea sina ndt hem ainsteomf t heB ay,
rathetrh anth eC B systemas a wholea ndi tsd rainagaer eaa, reo ftenu sedin thec haptetrhsa t
followT. hisi s largelyb ecausneu trienitn putsto t ributarieost herth ant heS usquehananrae
taken up within their estuariesa nd becauseu nknown but small amountso f dissolved
inorgannicu trientasr ee xportetdo t hem ainsteomf CB (alsore ferretdo ast heC Bp roper).
TheS usquehanRnaiv era ccountfso r ~70%o f totaln itrogenlo adsto theC B asa wholea nd
moret han8 0% of thei nputo f dissolveidn organinci trogento them ainstemof theB ay
[Schubealn dP ritchard1, 986].T otali nputi s usedf or theN A becausae significanbt,u t
unknowfnra ctiono,f theP oR iverin puits advecterda pidlyo uto f theN A whilei nputsfr om
the smallerr iversa ret akenu p withint heb oundarieosf theN A.
Riverd ischargaec countfso r mostn utrienitn putst o boths ystemsa,n di nputso f
freshwatearn dn utrientws ithine acha red ominatebdy a singlefi ver,t heP o in theN A and
theS usquehaninna C B (Table1 ). On theo therh and,t hep opulatiodne nsityo f the NA
drainagbea sina reai s moret hant wot imesth ato f theC B systeman dn earlyfo urt imesth at
of theS usquehandnraa inagbea sin(T able1 ).D ifferenceins populatiodne nsitayr er eflected
in nutrienetx portws ithf ivefinefl uxesb eingm oret hant wot imesh igheirn theN A thani n
CB (Table1 ).E xpectedn itrogenfl uxesb asedo n populatiodne nsity[C olee t al., 1993],a re
31,35x0 10a m oyl -if ort heN A( 211p eopklem '2 f ort hee ntirNe Ab asina)n d1 3,57x0 1 0a
moyl -(cid:127)f orC B( 57p eopklem '2 i nt heS usquehaRnivneaBr asinT)h. ea nalysoifsC olee ta l.
[1993]w asd onef or 39 coastawl atershedresp resentindgra inagbea sinsw ithp opulation
densitiersa ngingo vern earlyfo uro rderso f magnitudaen de ncompassitnhgep opulation
densitieosf theN A andC B drainagbe asinsT. he estimateosf Boyntone t al. [ 1995]a nd
Degobbiasn dG ilmartin[ 1 990]g ivenin Table1 arel owert hant hesep redictionbsu, tt hey
arew ithint he9 5% confidencleim itso f ther egressiolnin ed erivedb y Colee t al. [ 1993].
Highern utrienlto adsa ndt heh ighr atioo f waterv olumeto freshwateflro w (freshwater
fill time)o f theN A (~ 10y ) comparetdo theC B (~ 1 y) couldb ei nterpretetdo meant hat
ther esidencteim eo f nutrientisn theN A is muchlo ngerth ani n theC B, resultinign more
efficientr ecyclinga ndh igherp rimaryp roductioinn the NA. However,a s shownin Tables
1 and 2:
CB hasa muchla rgedr rainagbea sina reap eru nitw aterv olume(2 ,250k m- (cid:127))
thant heN A (186k m'(cid:127));
nutrienlto adings caledto waterv olumeis aboufto urt imesh igherin CB than
in the N A;
thes urfacea reat o volumera tioo f CB is five timesh igherth ant hato f theN A.
Theser elationshipnso t onlys uggestht atC B mayb e mores ensitivteo anthropogenic
disturbanicne i tsd rainagbea sintsh ani st heN A, theys uggestht atc, ontrartyo the
Smodlakae t al. 3
12* 13= 14*
46 ø
44"
7'7* 76*
Figure1 . Planavr iewso f then ortherAn driatica ndC hesapeake
4 Introduction
TABLE 1. Drainageb asins tatistics[B oyntone t al. 1995; Schubeal nd Pritchard1 986;D egobbisa nd
Gilmartin1 990;S eaglee t al., thisv olume].
NorthernA driatic ChesapeakBe ay
Po R. Total SusquehannRa. Total
Areak, m2 71,000 118,000 70,000 166,000
Population 16,000,000 25,000,000 4,000,000 16,000,000
MeanR iverF low,m 3 s' (cid:127) 1,500 2,900 1,100 2,300
TN-Expor1t,0 6m oly '(cid:127) 11,575 23,610 7,570 10,860
TP-Expor1t0,6 m oyl -! 495 910 200 350
above (highern utrienti nputs and longer freshwaterf ill time for the NA then the CB),
primaryp roductions houldb e highera ndn utrientc yclingm oree fficienti n CB.
For the mostp an, responseosf the two systemsto increaseisn nutriente nrichmenat re
expectedto be governedb y how nutrientin putsa red istributedb y circulationa ndm ixinga nd
by their physicald imensionsT. he shape,l argerv olume,a nd openc onnectiono f the NA to
theA driatica sa wholer esulti n morev ariable( lessp redictablec)i rculationp attemsth ani n
CB wherew aterm otionsa rem oret opographicallcyo nstraine[dB oicourte t al., thisv olume].
CB is long,n arrowa nd shallowa ndm ostf reshwatera ndn utrienti nputso ccuri ts at north
end3 20 km fromt heo ceanT. hisr esultsin strongn orth-soutghr adientsin salinitya ndi n the
concentrationosf nutrientsa nd phytoplanktobni omass[ Hardinge t al., this volume].I n
contrastt, he NA is deepera nd broadert han CB, and the Po River dischargeg enerally
spreadsso utha longt he Italianc oastr esultingin rapide xportf rom theN A ands trongw est-
eastg radientisn salinityn, utrientsa, ndp hytoplanktobnio massD. urings ummerl,o w salinity
water tendst o spreadf arther eastwardd ue to seasonatl hermal stratificationa nd to the
developmenotf a cyclonice ddyi n theN A [Boicouret t al., thisv olume].T hee ffectso f these
differenceosn n utriendt istributionasre e xacerbatebdy thel ocationo f them ajorf ivefine
inputsto thet wos ystemis.e, .,r apida dvectioonf theP od ischargteo thes outho uto f theN A
comparetdo ther etentioonf theS usquehanRnaiv erd ischargweh osein flowi s at theh ead
of CB. In additiont,h ef atea nde ffectso f nutrienitn putsd ependto a greate xtento n the
timingo f peakisn freshwatfelor w( anda ssociatneudt rienfltu x)r elativteo t hea nnuacly cle
of thermasl tratificatioann dt hed evelopmeonft then orthemc ycloniecd dyi n theN A and
to the annualc ycleo f surfacete mperaturien CB.
Differenceins thed istributioonf benthicar eaw ithd eptha rea lsoe xpectetdo i nfluence
ther esponsoef aquatiecc osystemtos n utrienitn putsV. erticallyC, B is characterizbeyd
broads, hallowfl anksw itha deepc hanne(1l 0-50m ) runningd ownt hea xiso f theB ay's
mainstemw,h ilet heN A hasn arrowfl anksw itha broadf,l at bottomth ats lowlys hoaltso
then orthT. heh ypsographcuicr vefso rt het wob asinasr es ubstantiadlliyff erenet,. g.,o nly
10%o f benthics urfacea reai n CB is deepetrh an1 5 m comparetdo moret han9 0% in the
NA [Boicourett al.,t hisv olumeK; empe t al.,t hisv olume]T. hus,a lthougthh ec hannel