Ecosystem Services – Concept, Methods and Case Studies

319 Pages·2015·9.982 MB·English

by  Karsten Grunewald, Olaf Bastian (eds.)

Ecosystem Services – Concept, Methods and Case Studies
Karsten Grunewald
Olaf Bastian
Editors
Ecosystem Services –

Concept, Methods
and Case Studies
1 C
Editors
Karsten Grunewald Olaf Bastian
Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban
and Regional Development and Regional Development
Dresden Dresden
ISBN 978-3-662-44142-8 ISBN 978-3-662-44143-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44143-5
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940761
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V
Preface
Humankind is a part of nature. It depends on nature for its existence, its well-being and its
economic activity, and is connected with it by numerous ties. Nature provides food and water
for our daily existence, the raw materials for handicrafts and industry and medicinal plants
for healthcare. Forests not only supply us with wood, berries, mushrooms and wild game, but
also protect us against soil erosion and flooding, create the oxygen we breathe and bind green-
house gases that endanger our climate. Natural ecosystems act as water filters, and habitats for
a large variety of plant and animal species, including the wild bees which are important for the
pollination of our crops. People find spiritual inspiration and fulfillment in nature together
with a esthetic pleasure, rest and recreation.
In recent years, the term ‘ecosystem services’ has become popular as the designation for all
these benefits which are useful to people. Nature provides many effective, low-cost and sus-
tainable solutions for human needs. Often however, people are not even aware of the role of
natural resources or ecosystem services, or they see nature simply as an endlessly bubbling,
never slacking fountain of human prosperity. Careful dealing with nature and investment in
an intact natural environment is often considered a luxury, and conservation is generally a
secondary issue. No wonder biodiversity is declining at a rapid pace worldwide–and also in
Germany–and that the capacity of ecosystems to provide services is also being reduced to
such a degree as to cause major concern.
Generally, growing economic use of nature involves a reduction of the regulatory and so-
ciocultural services rendered. One goal of the concept of ecosystem services is to better
demonstrate these contexts and move them into the public consciousness. It is therefore im-
portant to recognise and improve the standing of the non-marketable services of nature by
improving the understanding for the systemic context and the dynamics between ecosystem
properties, functions and services, natural capital and their beneficial effects in various spa-
tial and temporal scales, and in connection with their multiple drivers. Valuating the ser-
vices provided by ecosystems and landscapes–i. e. assigning economic/monetary value to
them–is in accordance with the widespread tendency of our times. Often, the argument is
raised that ‘concrete’ arguments need to be developed to persuade political leaders, and to
gain broad acceptance by business and society at large. After all, monetary value and sup-
posedly ‘hard’ figures are the language that is most easily understood, especially outside of
the conservationist community. However, can we and should we really reduce nature, in all
its complexity and its immeasurable significance for us human beings, to monetary values?
The reason and goal of the first comprehensive German-language discussion of this issue
in 2013 was to present the multiple relationships between economics, ecology and ethics in
a theoretically well-grounded manner, and to provide practical recommendations for the
analysis, evaluation, control and communication of ecosystem services. We seek to address
all those interested in building bridges and crossing borders between disciplines: both sci-
entists and practitioners in the administrative, volunteer and professional spheres, especially
those who deal with the environment, conservation and regional and land-use planning; ex-
perts from the business community, activists in politics, students, and all those interested
in fundamental ecological, economic, ethical and environmentalist issues and issues which
affect ecosystems and landscapes.
VI Preface
After a very positive reception of the German book, the English translation has now been
completed. Springer-Spektrum as editor has initiated this project and made it possible; the
organisation and the cooperative effort were carried out in a notably pleasant atmosphere.
We would like to thank the numerous authors, from Dresden to Bonn and from Freiburg to
Greifswald, for their contributions, and also apologise to those of our colleagues working in
this and similar areas whom we were unable to accommodate for reasons of space. We hope
that the present treatment will spark a constructive discussion with them. The length of the
book was strictly limited, so that, in our view, while a number of very essential aspects of
this highly complex topic have been addressed, others unfortunately have not.
Most of the authors provided their own translations; Phil Hill of Berlin translated the rest,
and the publisher provided the final redaction. Our sincere thanks to all.
Phil Hill passed away suddenly on 22nd of December 2014. With the book we want say
thank you to you, Phil, for the wonderful years of collaboration.
Karsten Grunewald and Olaf Bastian
Dresden, January 2015
VII
Contents
1 Ecosystem Services (ES): More than Just a Vogue Term? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Development and Fundamentals of the ES Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 ES in Retrospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3 Values and Services of Nature for Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Properties, Potentials and Services of Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.1 The Cascade Model in the TEEB Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.2 The EPPS Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.3 The Application of the EPPS Framework–The Example ‘Mountain Meadow’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2 Classifi cation of ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.2 Provisioning Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3 Regulation Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.4 Sociocultural Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.5 Additional Classifi cation Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 Space and Time Aspects of ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.1 Fundamentals, Control Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3.2 Case Study: EU-Water Framework Directive (WFD) and ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4 Landscape Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4 Ascertainment and Assessment of ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 Indicators and Quantifi cation Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.1.2 Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand Assessment at the Landscape Scale–the ‘Matrix’ . . . . 77
4.1.3 Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2 Approaches to the Economic Valuation of Natural Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.1 Principles of Economic Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.2 The Total Economic Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2.3 Valuation Methods and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3 Scenario-Development and Participative Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.1 Basics and Fields of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.2 Framework of Scenario Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.3.3 Participation and the Case Study Görlitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 Complex Analyses, Evaluation and Modelling of ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.4.2 Energy Crop Production–A Complex Problem for Assessing ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.4.3 Application of Models of InVEST to Assess Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.5 Communicating ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
VIII Contents
4.5.1 The Importance of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.5.2 ‘Ecosystem Services’ as an Umbrella Term for Communicative Intent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.5.3 Government and the Market Instead of Communications? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.5.4 Communications Eff orts as an Approach to the Shaping of Environmental Sciences . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5 Governing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.1 Policy Mixes for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Service Management . . . . . 146
5.1.1 Why Use a Policy Mix? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.1.2 A Well-Equipped Toolbox of Policy Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
5.1.3 Assessing Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Service
Management in Policy Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.2 Selected Financial Mechanisms: Payments for Ecosystem Services and
Ecological Fiscal Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.2.1 Payments for Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.2.2 Ecological Fiscal Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
5.3 Integrating the Concept of Ecosystem Services into Landscape Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.3.1 Linking Ecosystem Services with the Landscape Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
5.3.2 Implementation in Practice–Testing the Example of the Service ‘Erosion Protection’ . . . . . . . 167
5.4 Governance in Nature Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.4.1 Governance and Protection of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
5.4.2 The Project GEM-CON-BIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6 Land Use, Maintenance and Protection to Ensure ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.1 Concept for the Selection of Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
6.2 Assessment of Selected Services of Agro-Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.2.2 Agri-Environmental Measures: The AEMBAC Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
6.2.3 Agro-economic Evaluation of Landscape Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.2.4 Species-Rich Grassland Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
6.3 Economic Benefi t Valuation of the Infl uence of a Forest Conversion
Programme on Ecosystem Services in the Northeastern Lowlands of Germany . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
6.3.2 Raw Wood Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.3.3 Carbon Sequestration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
6.3.4 Scenic Beauty and Recreation Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.3.5 Synopsis and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
6.4 Urban Ecosystem Services: Leipzig as a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
6.4.1 Urban Ecosystem Services and Urban Land Use: A Complex Nexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
6.4.2 An Example of Local Climate Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.4.3 An Example of Flood Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
6.4.4 An Example of Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Area–Reducing the Ecological
Backpack of the City? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
6.4.5 An Example of the Recreational and Nature Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.5 Cultural Landscapes and their Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
6.5.1 The Example of Orchard Meadows in the Swabian Alb Biosphere Reserve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
IX
Contents
6.5.2 Calculation of Landscape Management Measures and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
6.6 Specifi c Nature Protection and Development Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.6.1 Nature Conservation and Ecosystem Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
6.6.2 Soil and Water Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.6.3 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services–The Case of Wetland Restoration
Along the German Elbe River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
6.6.4 Peatland Use in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany: Monetarization of the
Ecosystem Service Climate Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
6.7 Systematisation of the Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7 Recommendations and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.1 Work Steps for the Analysis and Evaluation of ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
7.2 Future Challenges Regarding ES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
XI

Contributors
Dr. Kenneth Anders Dr. habil. Karsten Grunewald
Büro für Landschaftskommunikation, Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and
Neutornow 54, Regional Development, Weberplatz 1,
16259 Bad Freienwalde, Germany 01217 Dresden, Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
Dr. habil. Olaf Bastian Prof. Dr. Dagmar Haase
Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Department of
Regional Development, Weberplatz 1, Geography, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489 Berlin,
01217 Dresden, Germany Germany and
[email protected] Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research -
UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
Dr. Claudia Bieling [email protected]
University of Freiburg, Chair for Landscape
Management, Tennenbacher Straße 4, Prof. Dr. Volkmar Hartje
79106 Freiburg, Germany TU Berlin, FG Landschaftsökonomie,
[email protected] EB 4-2, Straße des 17. Juni 145,
10623 Berlin, Germany
Dr. habil. Benjamin Burkhard [email protected]
Kiel University, Institute for Natural Resource
Conservation, Department Ecosystem Dipl.-Ing. Michael Holfeld
Management, Olshausenstr. 75, 24118 Kiel, Mary-Wigman-Straße 2,
Germany 01069 Dresden, Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
Dr. Peter Elsasser Dr. Markus Leibenath
Thuenen Institute / WF, Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban and
Leuschnerstrasse 91, Regional Development, Weberplatz 1,
21031 Hamburg, Germany 01217 Dresden, Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
Hermann Englert Dr. Gerd Lupp
Thuenen Institute / WF, TU München, Chair for Strategic Landscape
Leuschnerstrasse 91, Planning and Management,
21031 Hamburg, Germany Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354 Freising, Germany
[email protected] [email protected]
Prof. Dr. Karl Mannsfeld
Malte Großmann
Ahornweg 1, 01328 Dresden-Pappritz, Germany
TU Berlin, FG Landschaftsökonomie,
[email protected]
EB 4-2, Straße des 17. Juni 145, 10623 Berlin,
Germany
Prof. Dr. Bettina Matzdorf
[email protected]
Institute of Socio-Economics, Leibniz Centre
for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF),
M.Sc. Anja Grünwald
Eberswalder Straße 84, 15374 Müncheberg,
Burgkstraße 30, 01159 Dresden,
Germany
[email protected]
[email protected]