Ecosystem management: adaptive, community-based conservation

333 Pages·2002·7.97 MB·English

by  Gary Meffe

Ecosystem
Management
About Island Press
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natural resource management. We provide solu- George Gund Foundation, The Vira I. Heinz
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environmental problems. Mellon Foundation, The Moriah Fund, The Curtis
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Ecosystem
Management
Adaptive, Community-Based Conservation
GARY K. MEFFE
LARRY A. NIELSEN
RICHARD L. KNIGHT
DENNIS A. SCHENBORN
Washington • Covelo • London
Copyright © 2002 Island Press
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without
permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, Suite 300,
1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
ISLAND PRESS is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data.
Ecosystem Management : adaptive, community-based conservation / by Gary
K. Meffe ... [et al.].
p. cm.
ISBN 1-55963-824-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Ecosystem management. I. Meffe, Gary K.
QH75 .E327 2002
333.95—dc21 2002007408
British Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available.
Printed on recycled, acid-free paperE
Manufactured in the United States of America
09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To our wives—
Nancy Meffe, Sharon Nielsen, Heather Knight, and Elaine Schenborn—
for their love, patience, and support, and for reminding us of
what is truly important in life.

Contents
PREFACE xi 2. Getting a Grip on Ecosystem
Management 57
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xiii
ESSAY CONTRIBUTORS xv The Evolution of Natural Resource
Management Toward Ecosystem Management 57
Introduction: New Approaches
A Comparison of Traditional
for a New Millennium 1
Management and Ecosystem
Management 59
The Appearance of Ecosystem
From Command and Control
Management 3
to Adaptive Ecosystem Management 60
How to Use This Book 5
The Pathology of Natural Resource
An Overview and the Flow of the Text 6
Management 63
The Need for Resilience 65
PART I: THE CONCEPTUAL
A Model of Ecosystem Management 66
TOOLBOX
A Closer Look at Ecosystem Management 69
1. The Landscape Scenarios 11
Common Misconceptions About
Ecosystem Management 73
The ROLE Model 12
Information,Organizational Behavior,
The ROLE Model Agreement 12
and Command and Control 74
The Round Lake Ecosystem 14
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 76
The Social and Economic Setting 16
Special Resources 17
3. Incorporating Uncertainty
Special Interests and Issues 23 and Complexity into Management 79
SnowPACT 25 Sources of Complexity and Uncertainty
The Snow River Ecosystem 27 in Natural Resource Management 80
The Social and Economic Setting 29 Category 1: Environmental Variation 80
People, Places, and Interests 31 Category 2: Biological Variation
in Small Populations 82
Special Resources 38
Category 3: Nonindependence
PDQ Revival 42
of Events and Interactions 83
The PDQ Ecosystem 43
Category 4: Uncertainties
The PDQ Region 45 in the Human Realm 84
PDQ Lands and Land Uses 47 Dealing with Complexity and Uncertainty 85
Natural Resources and Issues 50 REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 88
vii
viii Contents
Ecosystem Management in Policy 6. Issues Regarding Populations
and Practice,by STEVENL.YAFFEE 89 and Species 131
The Species 131
4. Adaptive Management 95
The Roles of Species in Science and Policy 134
Adaptive Management: Another Way to Learn 96
Viewpoints on Species 134
Active Adaptive Management 97
Connecting Populations and Species
The Glen Canyon Dam 100 to Landscapes 137
Idaho Elk Management 101 REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 139
Passive Adaptive Management 103 The Copper River Watershed Project,
The Northwest Forest Management Plan 103 by RIKIOTTand KRISTINSMITH 140
The North American Waterfowl Plan 104
7. Populations and Communities
Adaptive Management as Documented
at the Landscape Level 145
Trial and Error 106
Conditions Necessary for Successful Single-Species Management 145
Adaptive Management 107
Extinctions from Deterministic
Ecological Conditions 108 and Stochastic Forces 146
Socioeconomic Conditions 108 PVA and MVP 147
Institutional Conditions 109 Approaches to MVP Estimation 148
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 110 Some Thoughts on PVA and
MVP Estimation 151
PART II: THE BIOLOGICAL Metapopulations 151
AND ECOLOGICAL
Spatially Explicit Models 153
BACKGROUND
Information Needs for MVP,
5. Genetic Diversity in Ecosystem Metapopulation, and Spatially
Management 115 Explicit Models 154
Managing for Species Communities 156
What Is Genetic Diversity? 116
The Species Approach 157
A Look at Heterozygosity 116
The Ecological Process Approach 158
How Is Genetic Diversity Lost? 120
The Landscape Approach 158
The Loss of Genetic Diversity in Small
The Role of Monitoring in Each
Populations 120
Approach 159
Changes in Patterns of Genetic Diversity
Among Populations 124 REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 162
The Winyah Bay Focus Area,
The Loss of Allelic Richness 126
by ROGERL.BANKS 163
The Role of Genetics in Conservation
and Ecosystem Management 128
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 129
Contents ix
8. Landscape-Level Conservation 169 PART III: THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS
Habitat Fragmentation 170 10. Working in Human Communities 219
The Loss of Area 172
The Success Triangle 220
An Increase in Edge 174
Stakeholder Identification and Assessment 222
Increased Isolation 181
Who Is a Stakeholder? 222
Mosaic and Matrix 183
Principles of Stakeholder Involvement 223
The Landscape Mosaic 183
Stakeholder Analysis 225
The Landscape Matrix 184
Levels of Involvement 227
Fragmentation and the Landscape
Techniques for Stakeholder Involvement 230
Matrix 184
Keys to Successful Collaboration 233
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 185
Three Little Words 238
Southern California Natural Community
Conservation Planning, REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 238
by MICHAELO’CONNELL 187 Collaborative Stewardship:Views from
Both Sides Now,by MARKW.BRUNSON 240
9. Managing Biodiversity Across
11. Strategic Approaches
Landscapes: A Manager’s
to Ecosystem Management 245
Dilemma 193
Characteristics of Strategic Management 247
Ecosystems or Species? Coarse-Filter
and Fine-Filter Approaches 194 A Simple Strategic Management Model 249
The Coarse-Filter Approach 195 The Inventory 249
The Fine-Filter Approach 196 Strategic Thinking 251
Blending Coarse-Filter and Fine- Implementation 251
Filter Approaches 196 Evaluation 251
Landscape-Level Considerations That The Strategic-Thinking Step 252
Protect Biodiversity and Ecosystems 196
Mission and Mandate 252
Area, Shape, and Isolation 197
Strategy 254
Movement Corridors 198
Goals 254
Working Across Administrative Boundaries 203
Objectives 256
HCPs:Protecting Biodiversity While
Problems and Tactics 258
Promoting Cooperation 206
Projects 259
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 209
REFERENCESANDSUGGESTEDREADINGS 262
The Malpai Borderlands Group:Building
If All It Took Was Money,Community-Based
the “Radical Center,”
Conservation Would Be Easy,
by WILLIAMMCDONALD 211
by HEATHERA.L.KNIGHT 263