Ecosystem ecology PDF
Preview Ecosystem ecology
ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY This page intentionally left blank ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY Editor-in-Chief SVEN ERIK JØRGENSEN Copenhagen University, Faculty ofPharmaceutical Sciences, Institute A, Section of Environmental Chemistry,Toxicology andEcotoxicology, University Park 2, CopenhagenØ, 2100, Denmark AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEWYORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO ElsevierB.V. Radarweg29,1043NXAmsterdam,TheNetherlands Firstedition2009 Copyright(cid:2)2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved ThefollowingarticleisUSgovernmentworksinthepublicdomainandisnotsubjecttocopyright: SWAMPS Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying, recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein. Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:2009929111 ISBN:9780444534668 ForinformationonallElsevierpublications visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com PrintedandboundinItaly 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Contents v-vi Contributors vii-ix Preface xi ECOSYSTEMS AS SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION SEJørgensen 3 ECOSYSTEMECOLOGY BDFath 6 ECOLOGICALSYSTEMSTHINKING DWOrr 12 ECOSYSTEMS AKSalomon 16 ECOSYSTEMSERVICES KABraumanandGCDaily 26 FUNDAMENTALLAWSINECOLOGY SEJørgensen 33 ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES AUTOCATALYSIS REUlanowicz 41 BODY-SIZEPATTERNS ABassetandLSabetta 44 CYCLINGANDCYCLINGINDICES SAllesina 50 ECOLOGICALNETWORKANALYSIS,ASCENDENCY UMScharler 57 ECOLOGICALNETWORKANALYSIS,ENERGYANALYSIS RAHerendeen 64 ECOLOGICALNETWORKANALYSIS,ENVIRONANALYSIS BDFath 76 INDIRECTEFFECTSINECOLOGY VKrivtsov 81 EMERGENTPROPERTIES FMu¨llerandSNNielsen 91 SELF-ORGANIZATION DGGreen,SSadedin,andTGLeishman 98 ECOLOGICALCOMPLEXITY JLCastiandBFath 106 HIERARCHYTHEORYINECOLOGY TFHAllen 114 GOALFUNCTIONSANDORIENTORS HBossel 120 EXERGY SEJørgensen 128 OVERVIEWOFECOSYSTEMTYPES,THEIRFORCINGFUNCTIONS,ANDMOSTIMPORTANTPROPERTIES SEJørgensen 140 ECOSYSTEMS AGRICULTURESYSTEMS OAndre´nandTKa¨tterer 145 ALPINEECOSYSTEMSANDTHEHIGH-ELEVATIONTREELINE CKo¨rner 150 v vi Contents ALPINEFOREST WKSmith,DMJohnson,andKReinhardt 156 BIOLOGICALWASTEWATERTREATMENTSYSTEMS MPellandAWo¨rman 166 BOREALFOREST DLDeAngelis 181 BOTANICALGARDENS MSoderstrom 183 CAVES FGHowarth 190 CHAPARRAL JEKeeley 195 CORALREEFS DEBurkepileandMEHay 201 DESERTSTREAMS TKHarms,RASponseller,andNBGrimm 214 DESERTS CHolzapfel 222 DUNES PMoreno-Casasola 241 ESTUARIES RFDame 247 FLOODPLAINS BGLockaby,WHConner,andJMitchell 253 FORESTPLANTATIONS DZhangandJStanturf 264 FRESHWATERLAKES SEJørgensen 270 FRESHWATERMARSHES PKeddy 274 GREENHOUSES,MICROCOSMS,ANDMESOCOSMS WHAdeyandPCKangas 281 LAGOONS GHarris 296 LANDFILLS LMChu 303 MANGROVEWETLANDS RRTwilley 308 MEDITERRANEAN FMe´dail 319 PEATLANDS DHVitt 330 POLARTERRESTRIALECOLOGY TVCallaghan 339 RIPARIANWETLANDS KMWantzenandWJJunk 342 RIVERSANDSTREAMS:ECOSYSTEMDYNAMICSANDINTEGRATINGPARADIGMS KWCumminsandMAWilzbach 351 RIVERSANDSTREAMS:PHYSICALSETTINGANDADAPTEDBIOTA MAWilzbachandKWCummins 363 ROCKYINTERTIDALZONE PSPetraitis,JADFisher,andSDudgeon 374 SALINEANDSODALAKES JMMelack 380 SALTMARSHES JBZedler,CLBonin,DJLarkin,andAVarty 384 SAVANNA LBHutleyandSASetterfield 394 STEPPESANDPRAIRIES JMBriggs,AKKnapp,andSLCollins 405 SWAMPS CTrettin 414 TEMPERATEFOREST WSCurrieandKMBergen 417 TEMPORARYWATERS EAColburn 427 TROPICALRAINFOREST RBWaide 439 TUNDRA RHarmsen 443 UPWELLINGECOSYSTEMS TRAndersonandMILucas 450 URBANSYSTEMS TElmqvist,CAlfsen,andJColding 461 WINDSHELTERBELTS J-JZhu 468 INDEX 479 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS WHAdey LMChu SmithsonianInstitution,Washington,DC,USA TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,HongKongSAR, People’sRepublicofChina CAlfsen UNESCO,NewYork,NY,USA EAColburn HarvardUniversity,Petersham,MA,USA TFHAllen UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA JColding RoyalSwedishAcademyofSciences,Stockholm, SAllesina Sweden UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA SLCollins TRAnderson UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque,NM,USA NationalOceanographyCentre,Southampton,UK WHConner OAndre´n BaruchInstituteofCoastalEcologyandForestScience, TSBF-CIAT,Nairobi,Kenya Georgetown,SC,USA ABasset KWCummins Universita` delSalento–Lecce,Lecce,Italy HumboldtStateUniversity,Arcata,CA,USA KMBergen WSCurrie UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI,USA CLBonin GCDaily UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA HBossel RFDame UniversityofKassel(retd.),Zierenberg,Germany Charleston,SC,USA KABrauman DLDeAngelis StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA UniversityofMiami,CoralGables,FL,USA JMBriggs SDudgeon ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA CaliforniaStateUniversity,Northridge,CA,USA DEBurkepile TElmqvist GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,GA,USA StockholmUniversity,Stockholm,Sweden TVCallaghan B DFath RoyalSwedishAcademyofSciencesAbiskoScientific TowsonUniversity,Towson,MD,USAand ResearchStation,Abisko,Sweden InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemAnalysis, Laxenburg,Austria JLCasti InternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemAnalysis, JADFisher Laxenburg,Austria UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA vii viii ListofContributors DGGreen DJLarkin MonashUniversity,Clayton,VIC,Australia UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA NBGrimm TGLeishman ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA MonashUniversity,Clayton,VIC,Australia RHarmsen BGLockaby Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,USA TKHarms MILucas ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA NationalOceanographyCentre,Southampton,UK GHarris FMe´dail UniversityofTasmania,Hobart,TAS,Australia IMEPAix-MarseilleUniversity,Aix-en-Provence, France MEHay GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,GA,USA JMMelack UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,SantaBarbara, RAHerendeen CA,USA UniversityofVermont,Burlington,VT,USA JMitchell CHolzapfel AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,USA RutgersUniversity,Newark,NJ,USA FGHowarth PMoreno-Casasola BishopMuseum,Honolulu,HI,USA InstituteofEcologyAC,Xalapa,Mexico LBHutley FMu¨ller CharlesDarwinUniversity,Darwin,NT,Australia UniversityofKiel,Kiel,Germany DMJohnson SNNielsen USDAForestService,Corvallis,OR,USA DanmarksFarmaceutiskeUniversitet,Copenhagen, Denmark SEJørgensen CopenhagenUniversity,Copenhagen,Denmark DWOrr OberlinCollege,Oberlin,OH,USA WJJunk MaxPlanckInstituteforLimnology,Plo¨n,Germany MPell SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala, PCKangas Sweden UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,MD,USA PSPetraitis TKa¨tterer UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,PA,USA DepartmentofSoilSciences,Uppsala,Sweden KReinhardt PKeddy WakeForestUniversity,Winston-Salem,NC,USA SoutheasternLouisianaUniversity,Hammond,LA,USA LSabetta JEKeeley Universita` delSalento–Lecce,Lecce,Italy UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA,USA AKKnapp SSadedin, ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,CO,USA MonashUniversity,Clayton,VIC,Australia VKrivtsov AKSalomon UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,SantaBarbara, CA,USA CKo¨rner BotanischesInstitutderUniversita¨tBasel,Basel, UMScharler Switzerland UniversityofKwaZulu-Natal,Durban,SouthAfrica ListofContributors ix SASetterfield DHVitt CharlesDarwinUniversity,Darwin,NT,Australia SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,IL,USA WKSmith RBWaide WakeForestUniversity,Winston-Salem,NC,USA UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque,NM,USA MSoderstrom Montreal,QC,Canada KMWantzen UniversityofKonstanz,Konstanz,Germany RASponseller ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA MAWilzbach HumboldtStateUniversity,Arcata,CA,USA JStanturf CenterforForestDisturbanceScience, AWo¨rman Athens,GA,USA TheRoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm, Sweden CTrettin USDA,ForestService,Charleston,SC,USA JBZedler RRTwilley UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA,USA DZhang REUlanowicz AuburnUniversity,Auburn,AL,USA UniversityofMarylandCenterforEnvironmentalScience, Solomons,MD,USA J-JZhu AVarty InstituteofAppliedEcology,CAS,Shenyang,People’s UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI,USA RepublicofChina
The list of books you might like
