Economics, Ecology, and Policy for the Bioeconomy: A Holistic Approach PDF
Preview Economics, Ecology, and Policy for the Bioeconomy: A Holistic Approach
Economics, Ecology, and Policy for the Bioeconomy This book demonstrates that a holistic approach to the bioeconomy is essential if it is to achieve its full potential in driving economic growth while simultaneously providing ecological, social, and technological benefits. Definitions of the “bioeconomy” vary, but in general it incorporates the ways in which societies manage and distribute their primary or secondary biological resources for further use in everyday life (e.g., food, materials, and energy). The classical sectors related to the bioeconomy have therefore been agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture, now extended to include bioenergy, biofuels, biochemicals, and other processing and service industries. There are also related new concepts such us the blue economy, the green economy, and the circular economy. This book integrates these definitions, sectoral analyses, and new concepts into a fully rounded study of the bioeconomy. It is argued that the key aims in the coming years have to be the harmonisation of public policies between different sectors, regulation of legislative framework for the bioeconomy, and clear communication of these issues. In particular, the book argues that a strengthening of the monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of the bioeconomy on society are an essential starting point. For this to be effective, appropriate indicators need to be established and defined for the monitoring of the effects of these resilient policies related to the bioeconomy and their impact on local and regional development and quality of life. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the bioeconomy including students and scholars of ecological economics, environmental economics, sustainability, innovation, and regional development. Sanja Tišma, Director of the Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO), Zagreb, Croatia. Anamarija Farkaš, researcher at the Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO), Zagreb, Croatia. Anamarija Pisarović, researcher at the Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO), Zagreb, Croatia. Marina Funduk, researcher at the Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO), Zagreb, Croatia. Iva Tolić, researcher at the Institute for Development and International Relations (IRMO), Zagreb, Croatia. Routledge Studies in Ecological Economics Physical Limits to Economic Growth Perspectives of Economic, Social, and Complexity Science Edited by Roberto Burlando and Angelo Tartaglia Feminist Political Ecology and the Economics of Care In Search of Economic Alternatives Edited by Christine Bauhardt and Wendy Harcourt Anarchism and Ecological Economics A Political Platform for Ecological Economics Ove Daniel Jakobsen Water Resources and Economic Processes Edited by Tiziano Distefano The Degrowth Alternative A Path to Address our Environmental Crisis? Diana Stuart, Ryan Gunderson and Brian Petersen A History of Ecological Economic Thought Marco P. Vianna Franco and Antoine Missemer Radical Ecological Economics and Accounting to Save the Planet The Failure of Mainstream Economists Jacques Richard The Informal Sector and the Environment Edited by Ranjula Bali Swain and Uma Kambhampati Economics, Ecology, and Policy for the Bioeconomy A Holistic Approach Sanja Tišma, Anamarija Farkaš, Anamarija Pisarović, Marina Funduk, and Iva Tolić For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/series/RSEE Economics, Ecology, and Policy for the Bioeconomy A Holistic Approach Sanja Tišma, Anamarija Farkaš, Anamarija Pisarović, Marina Funduk, and Iva Tolić First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 Sanja Tišma, Anamarija Farkaš, Anamarija Pisarović, Marina Funduk, and Iva Tolić The right of Sanja Tišma, Anamarija Farkaš, Anamarija Pisarović, Marina Funduk, and Iva Tolić to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-1-032-12241-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-12242-7 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-22373-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003223733 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Figures vii List of Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 SANJA TIŠMA 1 Concepts of bioeconomy 6 IVA TOLIĆ What is the bioeconomy? 6 Emergence of the bioeconomy 7 Importance of bioeconomy for social development 8 Bioeconomy in relation to other sciences 12 Linear and circular bioeconomy 13 Bioeconomy sectors 15 Global trends in the field of bioeconomy, revenues/expenditures, impact on GDP, impact on employment 18 Future trends 23 2 Bioeconomy policies across the globe 28 MARINA FUNDUK Introduction 28 Core elements of bioeconomy policy strategies 31 Bioeconomy strategy goals 32 Prioritisation and specialisation in policy strategies 35 Policy measures in policy strategies 36 Emerging policy trends: stakeholder- and industry-driven initiatives 39 Multilateral policy dialogue 40 vi Contents Macro-regional actors and policy initiatives 41 Conclusions 42 3 Green and blue economy 47 ANAMARIJA PISAROVIĆ Introduction 47 Forest-based bioeconomy 49 Agri-based bioeconomy 51 Blue bioeconomy 54 Conclusion 59 4 New emerging sectors 66 ANAMARIJA FARKAŠ Introduction 66 The bioenergy sector 70 The bio-based chemistry sector 80 The biochemistry and biopharmaceutical sector 88 Conclusion 97 5 Holistic approach to bioeconomy monitoring and evaluation 108 SANJA TIŠMA Introduction 108 Indicators for monitoring the bioeconomy development 109 Models for monitoring and evaluating the bioeconomy 119 Conclusion – future trends 122 6 Conclusion 126 SANJA TIŠMA Index 130 Figures 1.1 Employment in the bioeconomy by sectors of the EU-27 in 2017 19 1.2 Added value in the bioeconomy by sectors in the EU-27 in 2017 20 1.3 Direct and indirect employment in the US bioeconomy in 2013, 2014, and 2016 (millions) 21 1.4 Direct and indirect value added in the US bioeconomy in 2013, 2014, and 2016 (millions) 21 1.5 The Bioeconomy Contribution Index in Malaysia (2005–2015) 22 4.1 New emerging sectors that focus on the knowledge-based bioeconomy and innovations 66 4.2 A vision of the bioeconomy with the focus on sustainability according to bibliometric analysis in research science 67 4.3 Seven key factors enabling innovation in biotechnology 68 4.4 Liquid biofuels and technological procedures for their production 72 4.5 Global afforestation and deforestation activities 1990–2020 74 4.6 Share of biofuel use in industry, transport, and household 75 4.7 Estimation of the biogas market size in the EU for the period 2017–2028 77 4.8 Bio-based production in 2019 and the predicted bio-based output in 2025 for designated product categories 81 4.9 CAGR for product categories I–X over the 2020–2025 forecast period in the EU 85 4.10 Projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGR) for (a) the biochemistry analysers market, (b) the mass spectrometry market, and (c) the biochemical reagents market in the analysed periods 92 4.11 Projection of the global biopharmaceuticals market by type of biopharmaceuticals for 2025 compared to 2017 93 4.12 Change in the total value of enterprises in each subsector of the biopharmaceutical economy in 2020 (%) 96 5.1 Complex interrelationships of indicators for monitoring the bioeconomy development 119 Abbreviations CAGR – compound annual growth rate EU – European Union FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GDP – gross domestic product GHG – greenhouse gas ILUC – indirect land-use change JRC – Joint Research Centre LCA – life-cycle assessment LCSA – life-cycle sustainability assessment MAGNET – Modular Applied GeNeral Equilibrium Tool OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development R&D – research and development RED – Renewable Energy Directive RED II – revised Renewable Energy Directive 2018/2001/EU SDG – Sustainable Development Goal SME – small and medium-sized enterprises UN – United Nations 1 Introduction Sanja Tišma Introduction Sanja Tišma Although there has been a range of research and strategic and planning policy documents related to the bioeconomy, there is still no unique definition of this important scientific and professional topic, nor is there an interdisciplinary, holistic approach to its study. Generally, the bioeconomy is the economy that analyses how societies manage and distribute their primary or secondary bio logical resources for further use in everyday life, namely for food, materials, and energy. The bioeconomy has also been defined as “the production, utilisation and conservation of biological resources, including related knowledge, science, technology, and innovation, to provide information, products, processes, and services in all economic sectors aiming toward a sustainable economy” (Inter national Advisory Council of the Global Bioeconomy Summit 2018 2018, p. 4). Besides the classical sectors related to the bioeconomy such as agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture, the approach has been extended to include mod ern sectors such as bioenergy, biofuels, biochemicals, along with other process ing and service industries (i.e., food, paper, textiles, building and construction, chemistry, and biopharmacy). In addition, there are new concepts such as blue economy, green economy, innovation and research, and circular economy. These sectors and concepts have developed the most in recent years and have been promoted by different sustainability strategies. The importance of the policy context of the bioeconomy is visible in the example of the European Union (EU). The highest productivity in the bioec onomy in the EU is realised in the generation of bioenergy from biomass but is mainly due to state aids for priority purchase of electricity from biomass. In addition, liquid biofuel and agriculture sectors, and partially aquaculture activi ties, receive significant state aid. However, such an approach is being abandoned to achieve equal rights in biomass demand for all sectors of the bioeconomy. This example shows that the critical challenge of the development of a bio economy today is a classically linear, mono-sectoral approach, which disables a holistic perception of a bioeconomy as a very integrated and cross-sectoral con cept. Such a holistic approach to the bioeconomy is a key theme of this book. Besides analysing the theoretical concept of bioeconomy, related disciplines, and related policy instruments, this book provides a framework of the classical DOI: 10.4324/9781003223733-1
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