Economic Transitions to Neoliberalism in Middle-Income Countries PDF
Preview Economic Transitions to Neoliberalism in Middle-Income Countries
EconomiTcr ansititoon s N eoliberailniM simd dle-income Countries Whilper esenat pionwge rafnuall yosfti hseg lobsatlr ucttruanrsaflo rmations involivnte hdte r anstiont eioolni betrhavilosil sumam,ve o itdhtser aopfs eeitnhgi s transforamsaap t riiomna hroimloyg enfiosriOcnnegt . h ceo ntrgalryo bnaelo liberal ishma rse consttihetecu otneodam nisdco ciinaslt itoufct aipointsda ilffiesrmei nn tly eaccho unatnryrd egiIotin sp. r ecitsheeldsyie ff eretnhcacetos n stointueot fet he strenogfnt ehosl ibeTrhailsi sibmsto. ho deke finietxipvleo roafnt eioolni tbrearnasl itiionanr sa nogfte h meo sitm pormtiadndtl e-icnocuonmter ies. (TerrMecnDcoen ouPgrho,f eosfEs coorn omNiactsi,oU nnailv erosfIi rteyl and, Galway) Neolibeirsba alsioesndmt hsey stemuasotefi s ct aptoew etroi mpousned,te hrve e iolf 'non-intearh veegnetmioponrnio'cj,o e frc etc ompoosfic taipointr aulliienms ots atr eas ofs ocliiaflTe h.et ensiaondndis splaceemmbeendtwdsie tdh gilno bnaelo libearrael ism nowhemroer eev idtehnatin nt hmei ddle-icnocuonmteAr tit ehsde.o meslteivcte hle, neolitrbaenrsailht aivotenr sa nsformed tshimega ntiefibrcaiasaonilfsts ol cyri eaplr oduc tioinnt hecsoeu ntTrhieetssre.an sformiantcilobunudste ,at rhneeo ylt i mittose,hd i iftns econoanmdis co cial Tphoealyli sceoyn .c omptahssets r ucotfpu rroep ethretm yo,d ality ofi nserotfti hoceno unitnryt toh ien ternateicoonnaoalmn ydt, h deo mesftoirmcso f exploiatnasdto icodinoa mli naTthiepo onl.i ctoiucnatle orfptahrpetrs oec eisstsh elesi m itatoifto hnde o mesptoilci tsipchaetlrh er otuhgiehn suloaft' imoanr kaentidsn 'v estors frosmo caicaclo untaanbtdih lieim tpyo siotfai s otnr onigmepre raotfli avbeoc uorn trol, allegienod rldyte osr e cuirnet ernactoimopneatli tiveness. Theesceo noanmdip co listhiichftaaslv ree dutchesedc ofpoeur n iversal welfare provi sioann lde tdor egredsissitrvieb suhtiaiftnvshde i gher unemapnjldoo ibyn mseenctiu nr ity moscto untrTiheeshy.a vael scor eaant iendc ome-condcyennatmraoitfacci csnu gm ulation thahta psr oviemnm unteoK eynesainadrn e forimnitsetr veTnhtibisoo oneksx .a mines thccshea llaennddgi else mamnaasl ytiacnacdlm lpyi,r iicnda ilffleyrn eanttic oonnatle xts. Thiesd itceodl leocffetriasot nh eoreticoafln eoclriibteiarqnauadler i esvmio eftw h e contrasting ofee xipgmehirtdi delnec-eiscn ocuonmt(erB ireasCz hiiln,Ia n,d Mieax,i co, SoutAhf riScoau,Kt ohr eTau,r kaenyVd e nezuTehlesa t)u.d iinecsl uadrieend t erdisci plinraranyg,i ancgr oescso nomsioccsi,o anltohgryo,p oilnotgeyrn,a rteiloantapiloo lnist, icsacli eanndc ree lastoecdsi caile nTcheebs o.o k foocnau m saetse riuanldiesrts tanding oft hweo rkionfng eso libearsaa m loidsamlo ifst oyc ainaedlc onormeipcr oduacntdi on, itesv erypdraayc toifdc iessp ossaensedsx ipolno itIwatit litloh ne.r ebfeoo frp ea rticular intetrose cshto ilnai rnsd usptorliinacelyo ,l ibearnaddle ivseml opsmternatt egy. AlfreSdaoa d-FiilsPh ro ofeosfPs oolri tEiccoanloa mtSy O ASU,n iverosfLi otyn don. Galip VaLl.m ains A ssisPtraonfte osfPs oolri tSicciaealnn cCdeh airomfat nhE eu ro peaSnt udGireasd uPartoeg raamttm heMe i ddElaesT te chnUinciavle rAsniktayHr,ea . isc urrentthlPeyr esiodfTe unrtk SioschiS acli enAcsesso ciation. 12R egionalizaantdi on 20C ontemporaIrsys uiens Routledsgteu diiends e velopmeecnotn omics Globalizaitnit ohneM odern DevelopmeEncto nomics WorldE conomy EditbeyB d. N.G hosh Perspectointv heeTs h irWdo rld 21M exicBoe yonNdA FTA andt ransiteicoonnaolm ies EditbeyMd a rtPiunc hAenytu l Editbey d AelxE .F erneaznJ idbleratnod anLdi onF.e lPluon zo AnrdeM ommen 22E conomiiensT ransition A guidteoC hinCau,b a, 13T heA fricEacn onomy MongolNioart,h K oreaan d Policiyn,s tituatnidto hnefs u ture SteKvayei zzi-Mugerwa Vietnaamtt het umo ft he twenty-first century 1 EconomiDce velopmeinntt h e 6 FinanciDaelv elopmeanntd IaJneff ries 14R ecovefrryo mA rmedC onflict Middle East EconomiGcr owth inD evelopiCnogu ntries RodnWeyi olsn Theorayn de xperiefnrcoems 23P opulatiEocno,n omiGcr owth EditbeyGd e oHffa rris developcionugn tries andA gricultiunrL ee ss EditbeyN di eHlesr maensd 2 Monetarayn dF inancPioalli cies DevelopCeodu ntries 15S malEln terpriasnedsE conomic inD evelopiCnogu ntries Robert Lensink NadiCau ffaro Development Growtahn ds tabilization AkhtaHro ssaanidn 7 TheS outAhf ricaEnc onomy Thed ynamiocfsm icraon ds mall 24F romC ristiosG rowthi nA frica? Macroeconopmriocs pefcottrsh e enterprises EditbeyM da tLsun dal AnsiC howdhury CarLlei dholamn d mediutme rm FinTna rapn d PBertixeern DonaC.l Mde ad 25T heM acroeconomoifc s 3 NewD irectiionnD se velopment MonetarUyn ion Economics 8 PubliSce ctoPra ya nd 16T heW orldB ank Ana nalyosfit sh eCF A franzco ne Growtehn,v ironmecnotnacle rns Adjustment Newa gendiansa c hangiwnogr ld DavFiide lding andg overnmeinntt he1 990s MicheMlilllee dra-mAs Lessofrnosm fi vec ountries Editbeyd MLatunsd aahnld EditbeyC dh ristCooplhcelro ugh 26E ndogenoDuesv elopment BennJ. oN dulu 17D evelopmePnotl iciynt he Networkiinngn,o vation, 9 Europaen dE conomiRce form Twenty-FiCresntt ury instituatnidco intsi es 4 FinancLiiable ralizaantdi on inA frica Beyontdh peo st-Washington AntoVnaisoq uez-Barquero Investment Structaudrjauls tmaenndt consensus KanhayLa.G uptaan d economdiicp lomacy EditbeyBd e Fni ne, 27L abouRre latiionns RobeLretn sink ObeOd.M ailafia CostLaasp avitsas and Development Jonathan Pincus Editbey d 5 Liberaliziantt ihoeDn e velopin1g 0P ost-apartShoeuitdh eArfnr ica AelxE. FerneaznJ idbleratnod World Economcihca llenagnedps o licies 18S tate-Owned Enteirntp hrei ses MariekRei eft ho Instituatnidoe ncaoln omic fotrh efu ture MiddlEea satn dN ortAhf rica changiensL atiAnm ericAafr,i ca EditbeyL de nnPaertte rsson Privatizpaetrifoonr,m aanncde 28G lobalizaMtairogni,n alization andA sia reform andD evelopment Editbey d 11F inanciIanlt egratainodn EditbeyM de riChe lasun EditbeyS. d M ansooMbu rhsed Aexl E.F erneaznJ idbleratnod Development AndreM ommen Liberaliazantdri eofno rimn 19F inancaen dC ompetitiveinne s2s9 P rogrammAei da nd sub-SahaArfarni ca DevelopiCnogu ntries Development ErneAsryete etya nd EditbeyJ do sMea riFaa nealnldi Beyoncdo nditionality MachiNkiosa snke RohinMteodnh ora HowarWdh iatneGd e sDkijeks tra 30C ompetitiveSntersast eigny 38T heP rivaSteec toArf ter 45O vercomiInnge qualiintL ya tin 54L awR eforimn D evelopianndg DevelopCionugn tries Communism America TransitiSotnaatle s A manuaflo pro liacnya lysis Newe ntreprenfierumrsii na l Issuaensdc hallenfgoetrsh e EditbeyTd i mL indsey Editbye Gda nesWhiagnan raja transition economies twenty-cfiernsttu ry JanW iinecVklia,di iBrme nacek EditbeyRd i caGrodtot scahnadl 5k5 T heA ssymetroifGe lso balization 31T heA fricanM anufacturFiinrgm anMdi hyaL laki PatrJiuctsiian o EditbeyPd a nA .Y otopoaunldo s Ana nalybsaisse odn fi rm surveys DonaRtoom ano ins ub-Saharan Africa 39I nformatTieocnh noloagnyd 46T rade, GroawntdIh n equality DipaMakzu madra nd Development int heE rao fG lobalization 56I deaPso,l icainedsE conomic AatM azaheri A newp aradigfmo dre livetrhien g EditbeyKd is hoSrh aramnad Developmeinntt h eA mericas OlivMeorrr yis se Editbey d internteort u raarle aisn 32T radPeo licy, Growth and developcionugn tries EstePbearne z-Caalndde ntey PoveritnyA siaDne veloping JeffreyJ ames 47M icrofinance MatiVaesr nengo Countries Perialnsdp rospects Editbye Kdi shSohra rma Edited bLy.F eJrundaen do 57E uropeaUnn ioTnr adeP olitics 40T heE conomiocfsP alestine andD evelopment 33I nternatiCoonmaple titiveness,E conompiocl iancdy institutional 48T heI MF,W orldB anka nd Everythibnugta rmusn ravelled InvestmaenndtF inance reformf oarv iabPlael estsitnaet e PoliRceyf orm Editbye dG erFraibtea rn d EditeDda vbiCydo bhaamn d EditbeyAd l bePratlooa nnid A casset udoyfI ndia JanOr bie Nu' maKna n/aani MauriZzainoa rdi EditbeyAd .G aneKsuhm ar, KunaSlea nn d 58M embershBiaps ed RajenRd.Vr aai dya 41D evelopmeDnitl emmas 49M anaginDge velopment Organizatoifot nhseP oor The methoadnsd p oliteitchailc s Globalization, economicE ditbeyMd a rthCah en, 34T heP atteorfnA idG iving ofg rowtpho licy restructaunrdsi oncgi paoll icy RenaJnhaab vaRlaavK,ia nbur MelvAiyno gaun d DRoons s Editbye Jdu nNjaik agawa The impacotfg oodg overnanocne anCda rRoilc rhdas developmaesnsti stance 50W ho Gainfsr omF reeT rade? EriNce umayer 42R uraLli velihoaonddPs o verty 59T heP olitoifcA si dS electivity Export-lgerdo wtihn,e quaalnidt y ReductiPoonl icies Goodg overnance cirniW toerrlida poveritynL atiAnm erica 35N ewI nternatiPoonvaelr ty EditbeyFd r aEnlkl ainsd BankU,. Sa.n dD utch EditbeyRd o bV o,s ReductiSotnr ategies H AdeF reeman developmaesnsti stance EnriGqauneu Szaam,u Meolr ley EditbeyJd ea n-PiCelrirneg , WiH!o ut anSdh erman Robinson MiriellReaz qfindrakaontdo 43B eyonMda rket-Driven Franr;Rooiusb aud Development 51E volutioofMn a rketasn d 60E conomiDce velopment, Drawinognt heex perieonfAc sei a Institutions EducatiaonndT ransnational 36T argeting Development andL atiAnm erica A studoyfa ne mergiencgo nomy Corporations Critipcearls pectointv hees Editbye Mda kotNoog ucahnid MuraPlait iblaan d MarHka nson millenndieuvme lopmgeonatl s CostLaasp avitsas EditbeyRd i chBalradac nkd 52T heN ewF amines 61A chieivngE conomic HowarWhdi te Whyf amineexsi isnta ne roaf Developmeinntt h eE rao f 44T heP olitiEccaoln omoyf globalization Globalization ReforFma ilure 37E ssayosn B alancoefP ayments EditbeySd tp eheDne vereux ShalreaSn hdarma EditbeyMd a tLsu nadhaln d ConstraiGnreodw th MichLa.eW lyz an Theory ande vidence 53D evelopmeEntth icastW ork 62S ustainable Devealnodp ment Editbye J.dS L..M cCombained Explorat- i1o9n6s0 -2002 FreeT rade A. TPh.i rlwall DenGiosu let ShawkAalta m 63T heI mpacotf I nternational6 9M icrofinanAc eR:e ader EconomiTcr ansitions DebtR elief DaviHdu lmaen Tdh ankoAmru n GesDkijeks tra toN eoliberailni sm 70A ida ndI nternatiNoGnOasl 64E uropeT'rso ubleRde gion Dirk-KJoacnh Middle-incCoomuen tries Economdiecv elopment, institurteifoonrmaa nld s ocial 71D evelopmeMnatc roeconomics welfairnte h Wee steBrna lkans Essayisnm emoroyf A nitGah atak Policdyi lemmaesc,o nomcirci ses, WillBiaarmt lett EditbeyS du brGahtaat aankd formosf r esistance PauLle vine 65W ork,F emalEem powerment andE conomiDce velopment 72T axatiionna Low Income SarHao rrHeazlelJl,o hnsaonnd Economy Editebdy A lfredSoa adF-ilhaon d PauMlos lye Thec asoef M ozambique GaliLp. Y alman ChannAirnndtga nFdi nTna rp 66T heC hronicaPloloyri nR ural Bangladesh 73L abouMra rketasn dE conomic Livelihcooonds traainndt s Development capabilities EditbeyR da vKia nbaunrd PkM.d MotiRuarh man, JaSnvejnar NoriuaM tastusia nYdu klikoe moto 74E conomiTcr ansititoon s 67P ublic-PriPvaartten ershiinp s NeoliberailniM simd dle-income HealtCha rei nI ndia Countries Lessofnosdr e velopcionugn tries Polidciyl emmaesc,o nomcirci ses, A.V enkRaatm aann d formosf r esistance JameWsa rneBrj orkman EditbeyA dlfr edSoa ad-Fainldh o GaplL i.Y alman 68R uraPlo vertayn dI ncome DynamicisnA siaan dA frica EditbeyKd e ijiOrtos uka, JonPn.aE studainldl o YasuyuSkaiw ada I��� o�;�:n��;up LONDOANN DN EW YORK Contents Liosffit g ures Firpsutb lis2h0Ie d0 XlI byR outledge Liosftt a bles Xlll 2 ParSkq uarMei,l tPoanr kA,b ingdOonx,o nO XI44 RN Notoensc ontributors XIV Simultanepouubslliys ihnte hdUe S A andC anada byR outledge 270M adisAovne N,e wY orkN,Y 10016 In troudc tion Routleidsag nei mprionftt h eTay lor& FrancGirso up,a ni nforbmuas iness ALFREDO SAAD-FILHO AND GALIP L. YALMAN © 2010Se lectainoden d itomraitatleA rl,f reSdaoa d-FialnhdGo a liLp. Yalmainn;d ivicdhuaaplt ethresc o,n tributors TypesienTt i mebsy W earsLetdt, B oldoTny,n ea ndW ear PART I Printaenddb ounidnG reaBtr itabiyTn J ID igitPaald,s toCwo,rn wall Neolbiearlisamn dg lobalisation 9 Allr ighrtess ervNeodp .a rto ft hibso omka ybe reprinotrre edp roduocre d utiliisnae ndyf oromr b ya nye lectronic, moerco htanhiemrce aaln,sn ,o w knowno rh ereaftienvre ntiendc,l udpihnogt ocopanydi rnegc ordoirni gn, 1 Neoliberaalsifi snma ncialisation 11 any informasttioorenao grr etriseyvsatle wmi,t hopuetr missiinwo rni ting fromt hpeu blishers. BEN FINE BritLiisbhr aCrya talogiuniP nugb licaDtaitoan A catalorgeuceo frodtr h ibso oiks a vailafbrloetm h Ber itiLsihb rary 2 Thec ontinueicnogl ogidcoamli nanocfen eoliberailni sm LibraoryfC ongresCsa talogiinPn ugb licatDiaotna thec risis 24 Economtircan sittioon neso liberianml iidsdml e-inccooumnet :r pioelsicy BOB JESSOP dilemmeasc,o nomcirci sfeosr,m osfr esistIae ndcietb eydA lfreSdaoa d Filhaon dG aliLp.Y alman. p.c m. 3 Globalisaatsia o cnr isfiosr m 39 Inclubdiebsl iograrpehfiecraelan ncdei sn dex. I.D evelopcionugn trics-Ecpoonloim2ci.yGc .l obalization-Economic ERG IN YILDIZOGLU aspec3t.Ns c.o libcraIl.Si asamd.- FiAllhfor,e 1d9o6,4- IIY.a lmaGna,l ip L. HC59.7.E32\03059 4 Culturpaoll itieccaoln omoyf n eoliberatlhies m: 330.9172'4-dc22 productainodnn egotiatoif'o cno mpetitivaesn ess' 2009019795 hegemonliocg ic(s) 47 ISBNIO0:- 415-49253-X (hbk) NGAI-LING SUM ISBNIO0:- 203-865(9e1b-kX) ISBN139:7 8-0-415-4(9h2b5k3)- 9 5 Socialrleys ponsiibnlvee stmaenndtn eolibedriaslc ipline ISB1N 3:9 78-0-203-8(6e5b9k1)- 0 ine mergimnag rkets 62 SUSANNE SOEDERBERG x Contents ConteXnl ts 6 Globauln ionasn dg lobacla pitalciosnmt:e osrt 17 Transittioon ne oliberaalnidsd me centralipsoaltiicoine s accommo dation? 74 inM exico 230 SEYHAN ERDOGDU AYLIN TOPAL 7 N eoliberaalnidst mh ep olitoifcw sa r:t hec asoef I raq 90 Index 243 FILIZ ZABCI PART II Counryt expreiensc e 105 8 Statcel,a sasn dt hed iscourse: reoflnet chteni eoonlsi beral transformaitnTi uornk ey 107 PINAR BEDIRHANOGLU AND GALIP L. YALMAN 9 Neoliberalism, irnedsutsrturcitaualrn idnl ga bour: lessofnrso mt heD elhgia rmenintd ustry 128 ALESSANDRA MEZZADRI 10T hed evelopmensttaalta en dt hen eolibetrraaln sitiino n SoutKho rea 141 HAE-YUNG SONG 11 Korealne fdte batoensa lternattionv eeosl iberalism 154 SEONGJlN JEONG 12 Chinaa ndt heq uesfto ra lternattionv eeosl iberalism 166 DIC LO AND YU ZHANG 13 Globalisanteioolni,b erallaibsomu,wr i,t rhe feretnoc e SoutAhf rica 176 HENRY BERNSTEIN 14 Socicalla sasn d poliitnBi rcasz iflr:o mC ardostoo L ula 109 ARMANDO BOITO 15 Ist heraen a cceptafbulteu rfeo rw orkerisnc apitalism? Thec asoef L atiAnm erica 202 ALEJANDRO VALLE BAEZA 16P rogressTihvier Wdo rldC entraBla nkinagn dt hec ase ofV enezuela 213 AL CAMPBELL AND HASAN C6MERT Figures Tables 41. Portdeira'msom nodd oelfn atiaodnvaaln tage 49 21. Factroerlse tvoea cnotl odgoimcianlai nntc hreee lations ILl Profitaobfni olni-tfyba ursmi sneecsitsno K ro rea, amonsgo ciseytsatle ms 30 19-720003 155 41. Exampolfie nss titaundtdii osncsor uerlsaettsoe d 1.21C omposoiftG iDoPbn ye xpenditures 186 competitaitdv ieffneerssecsna tl es 51 12.A2n nugarlo wrtahot fep ecra prietGaaDl P a nrde al 4.2T wok nowleadpgpea raatnukdsn eosw ledging urbwaang rea te 172 technoilnto hgceioe nss trouf'c ctoimopne titiveness5'2 1.51A verhaogue relayrn iinngt shU en itSetda tes 205 4.3M aienl emeonftt hWseo rlEdc onoFmoircu mG'lso bal 15.L2a tAimne riacnad UpSoAp ulaantldia obnof uorr ce CompetitIvnedneexs s 53 growth 206 4.4W orlEdc onoFmoircua mn idt gsl obcaolm petitiveness 1.53 Thuen emploryamteeLn atit Anim ne rica 207 rankionfsg esl eAcstiecadon u nt2r0i0e4s-,8 54 4.5I nstitauntpdir oancsti inoc regsa ntihzeimnagt ized clusitnAe srisa 57 4.6T echnoolfao ggeyn tchyoa rtg anriezgeis opnaacle s, poliacnipdeo sp ulation 58 51. PermisCsoiubnlItenr dye x/CacIoPuEnaRtnSrmd ya rket macro-factors 64 91. Shaorfre e ady-gmaarmdeen tIsn diienax 'pso1 r9t6s10 - to2 0010 - 130 9.2I ndisah'aisrnw e o relxdp oarptpsa,ar necdll othing accessories 131 121. Averaangne ugarlo wrtaht( e%so) f C hinrae'GasDl P , employamneldna tb ourforce 186 151. Selelcatbeodmu arr kientd icators 203 Contribxuvt ors Ngai-LiSnugm ,D epartmoefnP to litaincdIs n ternatiRoenlaalt iUonnisv,e rsity Contributors ofL ancasUtKe.r , AyJinT opalD,e partmeonftP olitiSccaile ncaen dP ubliAcd ministration, METU,A nkarTau,r key. GaJiLp. Y almanD,e partmoefnP to litSiccaile nacned P ublAidcm inistration, METU,A nkarTau,r key. ErgiYnI IdlzoCgelnu,t froeEr u ropeSatnu diMeEsT,U ,A nkara, Turkey. FiliZza bclF,a culotfPy o litSicciaeln cAensk,a rUan iversTiutryk,e y. Yu ZhangS,c hooolfE conomiRcesn,m iUnn iversoifCt hyi na. Alejandro BVaaelzlaeD, e partmoefnE tc onomiUcNsA,M ,M exico. PmarB edirhanogDleup,a rtmeonftI nternatiRoenlaalt ioMnEsT,U ,A nkara, Turkey. HenryB ernsteDienp,a rtmoenfDt e velopmSetnutd iSeOsA,S ,U niversoift y LondoUnK,. ArmandoB oitoD,e partmeonftP olitiSccaile ncUen,i versoiftC ya mpinas, Brazil. AlC amp belDle,p artmoefnE tc onomiUcnsi,v ersoifUt tya hU,S A. HasanC omertD,e partmeonft E conomicUsn,i versoifty M assachusetts, AmhersUtS,A . SeyhaEnr dogdFua, culotfPy o litSicciaeln cAensk,a rUan iversTiutryk,e y. BenF ineD,e partmoefnE tc onomiScOsA,S ,U niversoifLt oyn doUnK,. SeongjJieno ngI,n stiftouSrt oec iSacli encGeyse,o ngsaNnagt ionUanli versity, SoutKho rea. BobJ essoDpe,p artmoefnS to ciolaongyd D irecotfot rh eI nstiotfuA tdev anced StudiUensi,v ersoifLt ayn casUtKe.r , DicL o,D epartmeonfEt c onomicSsO,A S,U niversoiftL yo ndonU,K ,a nd SchooolfE conomiRcesn,m iUnn iversoifCt hyi na. AlessandMreaz zadrDie,p artmoefnD te velopmSetnutd iSeOsA,S ,U niversity ofL ondoUnK,. AlfredSoa ad-FilDheop,a rtmoefnD te velopmSetnutd iSeOsA,S ,U niversoift y LondoUnK,. SusannSeo ederbeDregp,a rtmoefnG tl obaDle velopmSetnutd iaensdC anada ResearCchha iQru,e enUsn iversKiitnyg,s tCoann,a da. Hae-YunSgo ngD, epartmeonfDt e velopmSetnutd iSeOsA,S ,U niversoift y LondoUn,K . Introduocnt i AlfredoS aad-Foi alnhdG aliLp.Y alman Thceh apitnet rhcsio sl leacdtdirotenhs rske eeiy s sfuoemrsi ddle-cionucnome triFeisr.hs otw,c ann eolibebread leifisnamen ddd istingfuriosomht ehde r phassetsa,go ercs o nfiguroaftc iaopnist aTlhiiissnm c.l utdherese lationship betweneeno libemraarlkiesstomsc,,i a entdty h set anteeo,l ibearnadel ciosm nomipco liacnynd,e olibearnagdll iosbma liSseactoihnoodnw,t. oi ntertphree t transtiont eioolni bearnadtl hitesr ma nsfoprmraotcievtsehs ahetas v een sued froimt a,sw elalst hree sisatgaanicinetis net igmhitd dle-icnocuonmter ies (BraCzhiiln,Ia n,d Mieax,i cSoo,u Atfrhi cSao,u tKohr eTau,r kaenydV ene zuelTah)i.rw]dh ,aa tr teh per ospfeoctrth nsee oliobredraeanrlfd o rre sistance inth esceo untgriiveteshno,e n gocirnigos fgi lso bcaalp italism. Itwo ulhda vbee einm posstioib mlpeoa sn ea rroiwn terprfreatmaetwiovrek acroaslcslh apitnecrlsu idnte hdbi oso bke catuhsteer anstiont eioolni beralism, thpee rforomfat nhnceee o lirbeegriaamlne tdsh ree sisatgaanicnnees otl iberal isma rceo ntext-Nsepveecritfihcte.hlc eeo snst,r itbout thoivrsos l udmeep art froma s eotfc ommopne rspewchtiifcvahec si lcirtoastse-scc ooumnptaryr isons. Neolibeirsta hlceio snmt empfoorroamfcr ayp itaalniidits sb m a,s oendt hsey s temautsioecf s taptoew etroi mpousned,te hrve e iolf' non-intearv ention', hegemopnriocjo efrc etc ompoosfti htreiu olonefc apiitnma olsa tr eoafss o cial lifTeh.ip sr ojeemcetr ggerda duaaftletlrhy pe a rtdiiasli nteogfpr oastti-owna r Keynesiaannddie svme lopmeinntt ha1el9 i7sa0mns d1 980asn,id ht a lse tdo ther econstoifet cuotniooamnni dsc o ciraell atoifso unbso rdiinnta htoisoen countrwiheesrn ee olibehraabsle ieisnmm p osTehdet. e nsiaonndds i splace menetmsb edwdietdh gilno bnaelo libearrnaeol wihsemmr oere ev idtehnaitnn thmei ddle-cionucnotmrei es. Att hdeo meslteivtceh lne,e olitbrearnaslhi atviteor nasn sftohrmema etde rial basoifss o crieaplr odiunctt hiecosoneu ntTrhieecsshe.a nignecsl suhdieift ns econoamnisdco cpioalli cy, rpirgohtpthceseor, ut nyt iryn'sse ritnittohoine n ter- .n atieocnoanlo amnytd,h meo daloifte ixepsl oiantdas toicodinoa mlin atTihoen . politciocuanlt eorpfat rhte se priostc heiesn scerse mentalo ftl hiem itation domestic politictahilen ssuplhoaeft'r imeoa nrt kahenrtidosn u'vg ehs ftroorms democraanstdoi ccai caclo untanadbt ihlieim tpyo,s oiftas i torno inmgpeerr ative ofl abocuorn tarlolle gteopd rloym ionttee rnactoimopneatli tTihveeesnceeo ss. nomiacnp do listhiichftaaslv r ee dutchesedc ofpoeur n ivewreslafplarro ev ision
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