Economic News, Sentiment, and Behavior Juliane A. Lischka Economic News, Sentiment, and Behavior How Economic and Business News Aff ects the Economy Juliane A. Lischka Zürich, Switzerland Zugl. Dissertation, Universität Zürich 2014 ISBN 978-3-658-11540-1 ISBN 978-3-658-11541-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-11541-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015955915 Springer VS © Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, speci(cid:191) cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illus- trations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on micro(cid:191) lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer VS is a brand of Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Content List of figures ..................................................................................................... 7 List of tables ....................................................................................................... 9 Preface and acknowledgments ..................................................................... 11 Summary .......................................................................................................... 13 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 17 2 Theoretical considerations ......................................................................... 23 2.1 The triangle of objective, media‐based, and social realities ............. 23 2.2 The relations between the micro and the macro level ...................... 33 2.3 Temporal relations between objective, media‐based, and social realities .......................................................................................................... 37 3 Economic news and the real economy ..................................................... 41 3.1 The ability of journalists to report on the real economy ................... 41 3.2 Organizational influences on reporting .............................................. 45 3.3 The relation between economic news and economic indicators ..... 47 3.4 Interim summary and conclusions ...................................................... 56 4 Economic news and economic sentiment ................................................ 57 4.1 The role of economic news in the economic sentiment of the public ........................................................................................................................ 57 4.2 The role of economic news in the economic sentiment of economic experts ........................................................................................................... 62 4.3 Comparison of economic news effects on the public and economic experts ........................................................................................................... 66 4.4 Interim summary and conclusions ...................................................... 73 5 Economic news, economic sentiment and economic behavior ............ 75 5.1 Private economic behavior: Purchase intention................................. 75 5.1.1 The influence of public economic sentiment on private economic behavior ....................................................................................................... 75 5.1.2 The influence of economic news and public economic sentiment on private economic behavior ........................................................................... 78 5.1.3 Data and measurement ...................................................................... 80 5.1.4 Results and discussion ....................................................................... 81 6 Content 5.2 Corporate economic behavior: Advertising expenditures ............... 86 5.2.1 The influence of economic news and private economic sentiment on advertising expenditures ............................................................................. 86 5.2.2 Data and measurement ...................................................................... 88 5.2.3 Results and discussion ....................................................................... 90 5.3 Interim summary and conclusions ...................................................... 93 6 Overall summary and conclusions ........................................................... 95 6.1 Theoretical approach ............................................................................. 95 6.2 Limitations and further research ......................................................... 97 6.3 Final discussion and conclusions ....................................................... 101 References ...................................................................................................... 109 Appendix ........................................................................................................ 123 Abstracts of associated articles ................................................................... 141 Author biography and affiliation .............................................................. 145 List of figures Figure 1: Triangular relations between objective, media‐based, and social economic reality .............. 24 Figure 2: Aspects of reporting and their social function ...................................................................... 28 Figure 3: Macro‐micro‐macro model of collective effects ...................................................................... 34 Figure 4: Macro‐micro‐macro model of collective effects including the media‐based reality............... 37 Figure 5: Temporal relations between objective, media‐based, and social realities .............................. 38 Figure 6: Action‐related model of the sociological explanation relating revenue incentives and journalists’ selection and interpretation processes ............................................................................... 47 Figure 7: The production index and news on the general economy ..................................................... 53 Figure 8: Unemployment rate and employment news .......................................................................... 54 Figure 9: Main influences on media‐based reality for news on the general economy and unemployment ................................................................................................................................................................ 55 Figure 10: Main influences on public expectations for the general economy and unemployment ...... 61 Figure 11: Main influences on experts’ assessment of investments and consumption ....................... 65 Figure 12: The production index, public sentiment and public‐service economic news ...................... 69 Figure 13: The GDP, expert sentiment and public‐service economic news ......................................... 70 Figure 14: The production index, purchase intention, public expectations and news tone on the general economy ................................................................................................................................................. 83 Figure 15: Main influences on purchase intention of the public .......................................................... 85 Figure 16: The GDP, advertising expenditures per industry and public‐service economic news tone ................................................................................................................................................................ 89 Figure 17: Main influences on advertising expenditures per industry ............................................... 92 Figure 18: Empirical relations between objective, media‐based, and social economic realities .......... 103 Figure 19: Objective reality: Production index, non‐z‐transformed data .......................................... 128 Figure 20: Objective reality: Unemployment rate, non‐z‐transformed data...................................... 129 Figure 21: Media‐based reality: News tone of total economic news per news outlet, non‐z‐transformed data ....................................................................................................................................................... 130 Figure 22: Media‐based reality: News volume of total economic news per news outlet, non‐z‐ transformed data .................................................................................................................................. 131 Figure 23: Media‐based reality: News tone on the general economy, non‐z‐transformed data ......... 132 Figure 24: Media‐based reality: News tone consonance on the general economy, non‐z‐transformed data ....................................................................................................................................................... 133 Figure 25: Media‐based reality: News volume on the general economy, non‐z‐transformed data .... 134 Figure 26: Media‐based reality: News tone on employment, non‐z‐transformed data ...................... 135 Figure 27: Media‐based reality: News tone consonance on employment, non‐z‐transformed data .. 136 Figure 28: Media‐based reality: News volume on employment, non‐z‐transformed data ................. 137 Figure 29: Social reality: Public economic sentiment measured by the EU Programme of Business and Consumer Surveys, non‐z‐transformed data ...................................................................................... 138 Figure 30: Social reality: Expert economic evaluations measured by the Ifo World Economic Survey, non‐z‐transformed data ....................................................................................................................... 139 Figure 31: Social reality: Expert economic expectations measured by the Ifo World Economic Survey, non‐z‐transformed data ....................................................................................................................... 140 List of tables Table 1: Evaluations of reporting standards of journalists working on non‐economic and economic beats in Germany, Switzerland, and the United States .............................................. 44 Table 2: Influence of public‐service economic news on public and expert sentiment for the general economy ................................................................................................................................. 72 Table 3: Relation between production index, private purchase intention, public expectations, and economic news ............................................................................................................................ 84 Table 4: Influence of public‐service economic news tone on advertising expenditures per industry ................................................................................................................................................ 91 Table 5: Overview over data, sources and descriptive statistics ............................................... 124 Preface and acknowledgments The present book densely summarizes and interprets the central findings of my cumulative dissertation thesis titled “Sentiments on the Economy. How Economic News Affects Collective Economic Expectations and Be‐ havior,” written at the Institute of Mass Communication and Media Re‐ search, University of Zurich, Switzerland, supervised by Prof. Dr. Gabriele Siegert and Prof. Dr. Werner Wirth. The cumulative thesis consists of four journal articles (Lischka 2014a; 2015; Lischka, Kienzler, and Mellmann 2014; Lischka and Siegert 2013), one book chapter (Lischka and Seufert 2015), and a synopsis. The synopsis is accessible online together with the journal articles and the book chapter (Lischka 2014b) and represents an earlier version of the present book. The articles by Lischka (2014a; 2015), Lischka and Siegert (2013) as well as Lischka and Seufert (2015) are part of the Swiss National Science Foundation‐funded project, “The impact of economic media coverage on management expectations and advertising expenditures in Switzerland and Germany” [100017_130367]. The article by Lischka, Kienzler, and Mellmann (2014) is an outcome of the Swiss National Science Foundation‐ funded project, “The impact of changes in advertising on the media. Cy‐ clical and structural changes in advertising expenditure and advertising formats and their consequences for the media” [100018_143395]. Abstracts of the associated articles are printed in the back of this book. I am thankful to my supervisors, colleagues, co‐authors and anon‐ ymous reviewers of the journal articles, my family, friends, and my partner who directly or indirectly supported my dissertation with fruitful discus‐ sions, critical remarks, most useful suggestions, wise sayings (“Each book is just another sequence of 26 letters.”) or simply with listening attentively when I was talking about my thesis (again). 12 Preface and acknowledgments Most analyses of this book and its associated articles would not have been possible without extensive economic news coverage data of German and Swiss news outlets that were kindly provided by Media Tenor. I am also grateful to prospective readers of this book and would be very pleased if the present findings are useful for future research and practice. Juliane A. Lischka Zurich, April 2015
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