ECONOMIC MALADJUSTMENT IN CENTRAL AMERICA Also by Wim Pelupessy PERSPECTIVES ON THE AGRO-EXPORT ECONOMY IN CENTRAL AMERICA (editor) Also by John Weeks A CRITIQUE OF NEOCLASSICAL MACROECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND THE ECONOMY OF SIERRA LEONE Economic Maladjustment in Central America Edited by Wim Pelupessy Lecturer in Development Economics Tilburg University. The Netherlands and John Weeks Director. Centre for Development Studies. School of Oriental and African Studies University of London M St. Martin's Press © Wim Pelupessy and John Weeks 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1993 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written pennission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced. copied or transmitted save with written pennission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. or under the terms of any licence pennitling limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. 90 Tottenham Court Road. London WI P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published in Great Britain 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills. Basingstoke. Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-22531-6 ISBN 978-1-349-22529-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-22529-3 First published in the United States of America 1993 by Scholarly and Reference Division. ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-08632-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Economic maladjustment in Central America / edited by Wim Pclupessy and John Weeks. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-08632-9 I. Central America-Economic policy. 2. Economic stabilization -Central America. I. Pelupessy, Wim. II. Weeks, John, 1941- HCI41.E28 1993 338.9728--<lc20 92-18016 CIP Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations x Notes on the Contributors xii Foreword by Gert Rosenthal xiii Preface xvi 1 Adjustment in Central America Wim Pelupessy and John Weeks PART I DOMESTIC ECONOMY POLICY 2 The Nicaraguan Stabilisation Programme of 1989 25 John Weeks 3 The Logic behind the Stabilisation Policies of the Chamorro Government in Nicaragua 41 Oscar Catalan Aravena 4 The Limits of Economic Policy in EI Salvador 53 Geske Dijkstra 5 The Determination of the External Debt of Honduras 67 Luis Rene Caceres PART II INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY 6 Export Promotion and Regional Cooperation in Costa Rica 89 Willy Soto Acosta 7 Costs and Benefits of Costa Rica Joining GATT 96 Olman Segura Bonilla 8 Non-Traditional Exports in Guatemala 111 Ana Maria Colindres v vi Contents 9 Economic Prospects for Central America in the 1990s 128 Maria Eugenia Gallardo PART III AGRARIAN POLICY 10 The Future of Agrarian Reform in Nicaragua 147 Jan P. de Groot and Jan Plantinga 11 Agrarian Reform and Anti-Reform in EI Salvador 164 Wim Pelupessy Bibliography 185 Index 196 List of Tables 1.1 Exports of the Central American countries 7 1.2 Capital flight from Central America, 1980-87 8 1.3 Per capita income in Central America: 1975 and 1980s 12 1.4 Private fixed capital coefficient in Central America (1975, 1979 and 1980s) 14 2.1 Nicaragua: basic macroeconomic data, 1976-89 26 4.1 EI Salvador: growth of Gross Domestic Product (GOP) and inflation rate 198H9 56 4.2 E1 Salvador: exports (fob) 1979, and 1983-88 57 4.3 EI Salvador: external sector indicators, 1984-89 57 4.4 EI Salvador: composition of public expenditure 1979 and 1985-88 61 4.5 EI Salvador: structure of tax revenue of the central government, 1982-89 62 5.1 Evolution of external debt of Honduras 69 5.2 Service of the external debt of Honduras 70 5.3 Honduras: debt reduction through savings increase 71 5.4 Reduction of debt through increase of savings 72 5.5 Real rate of interest of the United States 77 5.6 Honduras: external indebtedness which would have been avoided 83 7.1 Trade balance of Costa Rica 102 7.2 Costa Rica: traditional and non-traditional exports 103 7.3 Costa Rica: central government revenues from imports and exports 104 7.4 Costa Rica: export and import indicators 105 7.5 Costa Rica: debt indicators 107 7.6 Growth and importance of the service sector in Costa Rica 108 8.1 Guatemalan non-traditional exports 1980-88 114 8.2 Guatemalan exports to Central America 115 8.3 Guatemalan non-traditional export earnings: hard currency receipts in proportion to total trade 116 8.4 Guatemala: credit from private banks to agricultural sector 118 vii viii List of Tables 8.5 Guatemala: relationship policy instruments and non-traditional exports 123 8.6 Guatemala: estimated elasticities policy variables 124 9.1 Scenario 1: 1984-87 trends remain unchanged in Central American economies 132 9.2 Scenario 2: all exogenous variables take their 1970--79 trend 133 9.3 Scenario 3: all exogenous variables take their 1970--79 trend but TX stagnate 134 9.4 Scenario 4: conditions of scenario 3 but IRX grows at 12 per cent 135 9.5 Scenario 5: conditions of scenario 4 but FS decline at 5 per cent and debt is cancelled in 50 per cent 136 10.1 Evolution of the Sandinista agrarian reform, 1979-90: area affected/distributed in thousands of hectares 150 1l.l El Salvador: distribution of land ownership in 1987 170 11.2 El Salvador: average yields of basic cereals in reformed sectors: phase I and III, 1985-87 172 11.3 El Salvador: land use by cooperatives, 1980--87 173 11.4 El Salvador: percentage changes in agricultural production 1980/81-1986/87 178 List of Figures 5.1 Additional borrowing simulation 73 5.2 Total debt simulation 74 5.3 Repercussion of the fiscal deficit of an industrial country in the economy of a borrowing developing country 79 5.4 Relation between interest rate and income in a developing country 80 ix