Economic History of Cities and Housing PDF
Preview Economic History of Cities and Housing
Monograph Series of the Socio-Economic History Society, Japan Satoshi Baba Editor Economic History of Cities and Housing Monograph Series of the Socio-Economic History Society, Japan Series Editor S. Sugiyama, Professor Emeritus, Keio University Editorial Board Members Haruhito Takeda, Professor Emeritus, The University of Tokyo Minoru Sawai, Professor, Faculty of Business Administration, Nanzan University Tomoko Shiroyama, Professor, Graduate School of Economics, The University of Tokyo Kazuhiko Yago, Professor, School of Commerce, Waseda University Tetsuhiko Takai, Associate Professor, Graduate School of Economics and Business Administration, Hokkaido University This monograph series is published by the Socio-Economic History Society, Japan, and Springer. The aim of the series is to make works by Japanese scholars accessible to a wider readership and thereby enhance the global knowledge of Japanese and Asian scholarship in the fields of economic, social, and business history. This book series will present English translations of outstanding recent academic research works, survey articles, and book reviews carefully selected from the Society’s quarterly Japanese-language journal Socio-Economic History, which is the preeminent journal in its field in Japan, as well as from other publications of the Society. These will be edited under specific themes such as energy and the environment, the consumer society and the company system in postwar Japan, and the economic history of Japan in the early twentieth century. The content will include chapters on economic, social, and business history ranging geographically from Japan and Asia as a whole to Europe and the United States, and a small num- ber of book reviews of recent academic works published in Japanese and other languages. The Society was founded in 1930 and currently comprises more than 1400 registered members, mainly academics, researchers and postgraduate students affiliated with universities and research institutions in Japan. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13569 Satoshi Baba Editor Economic History of Cities and Housing Editor Satoshi Baba Graduate School of Economics The University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ISSN 2364-2394 ISSN 2364-2408 (electronic) Monograph Series of the Socio-Economic History Society, Japan ISBN 978-981-10-4096-2 ISBN 978-981-10-4097-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4097-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017938581 © Socio-Economic History Society, Japan 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface This book is the fourth volume in a monograph series published by the Socio- Economic History Society, Japan, and Springer. It contains four recent articles and four short book reviews of recent academic Japanese-language works, all on topics related to the history of cities and housing. Urban history is an important area of socio-economic history that interacts with a wide range of other disciplines, including jurisprudence, public administration, economics, sociology, geography and architectonics. Previously, most historians in Europe and Japan focused on the medieval period, but recently, there has been increasing interest in the period from the eighteenth century onwards because of the deep impact that industrialization had on urbanization. There has been particular interest in the cities of the twentieth century because of the many changes that occurred in both urban policy and systems of municipal administration during this period. The high population density of the twentieth-century city produced a wide range of problems including unemployment and sanitation that could not be solved by local governments alone. The provision of adequate housing was an area where central government had a particularly important role to play. However, ordinary citi- zens also participated in finding solutions to these problems, as members of volun- tary associations or city councilors. The first two articles discuss urban formation and housing in Japan during the mid-twentieth century. Chapter 1, by Numajiri, uses the case of Amagasaki City in Hyogo Prefecture to examine the implementation of land readjustment in the period from the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 up to the period of reform that followed World War II. Although tenant cultivation rights were strength- ened during the war years, laws and regulations concerning city planning were not revised to take this into account. As a result, conflicts occurred between landowners and tenant farmers when land readjustment projects were resumed. The former were successful in litigation against the latter, allowing the reallocation of agricultural land for public use. Nevertheless, tenant farmers were able to retain land for agricul- tural use within newly formed urban areas. This is an important characteristic of urban formation in Japan. v vi Preface Chapter 2, by Ono, examines the reconstruction of the living spaces devastated during World War II through a case study of Tokyo in the late 1940s. The author also provides a historical account of the reconstruction process from the perspective of the creation and distribution of private residential space under the postwar Japanese regulatory regime. Residential rent controls protected tenants of rented accommo- dation that had escaped wartime destruction but dealt a fatal blow to the housing supply system that was in place at the time. Moreover, rent controls and heavy taxa- tion meant that many rented units turned into owner-occupied houses. Consequently, an enormous number of people found that they could not live in Tokyo unless they could find rooms to rent through personal connections. Since living spaces became increasingly crowded and the existing housing stock was not properly maintained, there was a sharp deterioration of housing standards in Japan. The next two articles are concerned with urban social policy and urban industry in twentieth-century Europe. Chapter 3, by Mori, examines the adoption of com- munal unemployment insurance systems in Wilhelminian Germany through case studies of two cities in the Greater Berlin Administration Union. The most well- known system of communal unemployment insurance was the Genter system, under which the city paid subsidies to trade unions so that they could provide their out-of- work members with unemployment benefits. But the introduction of the system varied according to the circumstances of individual cities, and Schöneberg was the only city adjoining Berlin to establish such a system, in 1911. A similar system was proposed in Charlottenburg, but was rejected by the city council. Communal unem- ployment insurance systems in Germany were local attempts to tackle the problem of unemployment before the enactment of the German Unemployment Insurance Act of 1927. They are typical examples of the way in which cities played a pioneer- ing role in the emergence of the welfare state. Chapter 4, by Nakajima, examines the development of the mechanical engineer- ing industry in the Paris region in the period from 1939 to 1958. Mechanical engi- neering in this area was reactivated by the policy of rearmament introduced from 1935. Despite stagnation during the Vichy period and the unsettled situation imme- diately after the war, it blossomed in the early 1950s. The manufacture of aircraft engines, industrial motors and machine tools were the leading sectors. The concen- tration of the French mechanical engineering industry in the Paris region is worthy of attention because of the thick tissu industriel from assemblers to suppliers and from finishers to intermediate processors all collected in the same region. It can be seen as a typical case of the development of urban industry through industry clusters. The four book reviews also deal with recent Japanese-language studies in the fields of urban and housing history. They are an empirical investigation into land development in a suburban area of Tokyo in the mid-twentieth century by Shūichi Takashima (Chap. 5); the results of a collaborative research project on British urban history in the ‘long’ eighteenth century (Chap. 6) edited by Tadashi Nakano, Tatsuyuki Karasawa and Ichirō Michishige; a pioneering work on Czech housing policy and social history in the first half of the twentieth century by Yoshiyuki Morishita (Chap. 7); and a detailed study of German housing problems and Preface vii non-p rofit housing in the 1920s that focuses on the case of the city of Solingen by Nodoka Nagayama (Chap. 8). I would like to thank Professor Helen Ballhatchet, who translated Chaps. 1 and 5 and checked the Preface and Chaps. 3 and 4; Dr. Kōichi Inaba, who translated Chap. 2; Ms. Louisa Rubinfien, who checked Chaps. 2 and 7; and Ms. Ruth Fallon, who checked Chaps. 6 and 8. Tokyo, Japan Satoshi Baba Contents Part I E conomic and Social History of Cities and Housing in Japan and Europe 1 Landowners and Tenant Farmers in the Process of Urban Formation: A Case Study of Amagasaki City, Hyogo Prefecture, 1937–1952 ................................................................... 3 Akinobu Numajiri 2 Housing Reconstruction in War-Damaged Cities: The Creation and Distribution of Living Spaces in the Late 1940s Under Postwar Governmental Controls ................... 35 Hiroshi Ono 3 Communal Unemployment Insurance in Wilhelminian Germany: A Case Study of the Greater Berlin Administration Union ............................................................................... 67 Takahito Mori 4 The Short-Lived Revival of the Mechanical Engineering Industry in the Paris Region 1939–1958 ................................................. 87 Toshikatsu Nakajima Part II Book Reviews 5 Review of Shūichi Takashima, Toshi Kinkō no Kōchi Seiri to Chiiki Shakai: Tokyo-Setagaya no Kōgai Kaihatsu (Urban Development and Local Communities in Interwar Tokyo) ................... 107 Akinobu Numajiri ix x Contents 6 Review of Tadashi Nakano, Tatsuyuki Karasawa and Ichirō Michishige (eds), 18 Seiki no Igirisu Toshikūkan o Saguru: Toshi “Runesansu” ron Saikō (Exploring Urban Space in Eighteenth-Century England: A Reappraisal of the Urban Renaissance Debate) ................................. 113 Minoru Yasumoto 7 Review of Yoshiyuki Morishita, Kindai Cheko Jūtaku Shakaishi: Shinkokka no Keisei to Shakaikōsō (Czech Housing Policy and Social History in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: Building the First Czechoslovak Republic) ............................................ 117 Nodoka Nagayama 8 Review of Nodoka Nagayama, Doitsu Jyūtaku Mondai no Shakai Keizaishi teki Kenkyū: Fukushi Kokka to Hieiri Jyūtaku Kensetsu (Study on the Socio-economic History of Housing Problems in Germany: Welfare State and Non-profit Housing) .................................................. 121 Satoshi Baba Index ................................................................................................................. 127
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