Economic and Sustainability Evaluation of New Technologies in Sorghum and Millet Production in ...

213 Pages·2007·9.46 MB·English

From the left: Kidane Georgis, agronomist, BAR0 HQ: Shimelis Admasu, food scientist,
MARC; Abuhay Takele. agronomist cornplcting Ph.D. training in South Africa and Tadesse
G. Medhin, Senior Advisor to the Director General. EAR0 all attended the 2002 INTSORMIL
PI Conference in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The theme of the conference was "Increasing
Profitability of Sorghum and Millets."
CORRECTION - PAGE 184
WEST AFRICA - MALI REGIONAL REPORT
Table 5. Performance data and field reaction+ of sorghum genotypes (WASDON) to different
diseases at Nyankpala, Ghana, 2002.
L
Daysto 50% Plant Grain Crq leaf Zooatc Icaf Baclcrid
flowaing kighf yield rpot Spot I d
Entries Origin (an) Ore'ha) mrpC
SAMSORG 14 IAR. S m 85 246 307 4.0 2.0 l .O
SAMSORG 4 0 87 191 813 2.0 1. O 10
SARIASO-01 INERA, Burkina 83 285 1,433 4 .O 2.0 1 .O
SARIASO-02 83 285 880 3.0 1.0 JC
OUEDZOURE 85 346 1.267 4 .O 1.0 1. C,
SC326-6 Texas, USA 87 94 107 1 .O 1.0 1.C
VG 153 85 205 1,200 2 O. 1.0 1.0
SURENO 91 217 607 l .O 1 .O I .(I
9GW092 93 159 613 2.0 1.0 3.C
90L19178 81 203 1,267 2.0 1 .O 1.0
98-FA-EART-101 IER. Mali 90 215 787 1.0 1.0 I .(I
98-SB-F5-DT-25 84 269 693 1. O 1 .O 1.0
98-SB-F5-DT-59 77 294 933 1 .O 1. O 10
98-SB-FS-DT-4 88 117 900 2.0 1 .O 1.0
98-KOF5-DT-39-2 73 333 987 2.0 1 .O 10
98-KI-F5-T45 83 280 387 2.0 1.0 1 .O
98-FZ-gL 80 148 1,467 2.0 1.0 1.0
97-SB-F5-DT-154 89 146 387 1O. 1.O 1. O
97-SB-F5-DT- 160 100 129 200 1O. 1.0 1.0
R-78 79 141 1.533 1 .O 1 .O i .O
97-SB-F5-DT-15 0 89 169 607 2 O. 1. O 1.0
97-SB-F5-DT-151 93 153 947 l .O 1 .O 1.0
FOULATIEBA 84 326 1,207 4 0 2.0 1.3
* KADAGA SARI. Cihana 76 211 393 3.0 3.0 53
A2267-2 ICRISAT, Mab 91 213 613 2.0 1.0 1.0
Mean' (25 entries) 83.8 215.0 821.4 2.0 1. ? 1.4
-" Bascd on rating scale 1-9: 1 =no direasr, 2 = 1-5%; 3= 6-10'?'?; 4 = 11-200h 5 = 21-30014 6= 3140?'.: 7 = 41-505i; 8 = 51-
75% and 9 = 9 75% of leaf area ofthe plam or panicle pans -4 by the dk.xc.
severity A score of 5.0 was recorded for zonate leaf spot on among tines. However, kad bug p- was hgh uitb
emq R9188. Grey leaf spot was rather prevalent with eleven si&lcam ditferences among entries for head bug dm-
emries with high scores of 4.0-7.0. Eight entries did not show age. Head bug damage ratings were male on 5 parucles
any sign of sbwt fly infestation, 8BPR1013, %GCP08113. per plot at maturiiy. and damage to k grmn =red ona 1-
8BPR1019.87E0109, Tx2917R9120, Tx436, and BTx 63 1. 9scalea-here I +<lG%damage109= >W;bdamage
while five others had less than 10% incidence, %CA5986, There were excellem differences among entries for head
00CA4654, B8PR1059, R%03, and R%18. Tbe seven top bug damage with lbes in each ten shouing excellent re-
yieldingentries were 98CD187 (2013 kgh),% CA5986 (1653 sislance with data on b s ep lus other seleaed enhies pre-
kg ha-'), SC326-6 (1627 kg ha-'). GR108-90M24 (1427 kg ha- semed in Table 6.
95BRON151 (1400 kg bl)M,a lisor 84-7 (1346 kg ha-').
I).
and 888943 (1333 kg ha"). Five entries were selected for fur- At Sotuba three krge prelimhap head bug screen-
tkre valuation based on their overall agronomic traits and dis- ing wries( 93,113, and 121 entries) and duee advanced
easelpea tolerance or resistance (88BE 2668, %GCPOB 121. screening nurseries were evaluated for head bugs
94CW 5045, B9307 and Td783). (Eur)sfalur) and grain moM. oonrfitiom during a d
after grain mahuih. resuhed in ven tittle grain mold dam-
age, except to a few ewgs with severe head bug damage
Natuml bead bug infestation was high and excellent for
Mali sneening. At kding2 pamcles were p m e dw ith cages
ald 2 @ selfing bags. A! tk milk mge. 5 unprotected
At the Cinzana Station, the sorghum breeding lines in tbe panicles were sampled to &ermine head bug infestation
W Advanced Early MaturiQ Variety Trials (GI, GII. and GIK) were level. At hawea visual i;ltmgs were made on head bug
e~aluatedfo r mistance or tolerance to the major k tpes ts, and grain mold damage to the gmn and a 2a) seed weight
green aphid, sorghum midge, a dk 4 bug (Euryscylus). Apkud taken on threshed grain to determine gmn wight loss ddue
and midge populations were low, mqth m sigrUr~candt ifference to head bug damage. In the fmp r e l mu iaL 5 entries
plus
April 30,2004
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INTSORMIL
2003 ANNUAL REPORT
Fighting Hunger and Poveq with Research
. . .
A Team Effort
Grain SorghumIPearl Millet Collaborati~e
Research Support Program (CRSP)
This publication was made possible through suppon pro\ ided h) the L.S. Agency lbr International De\etnpmsnr. f~ndcr
the terms of Grant No. LAG-G-00-96-9009-00. The opinions expressed here~na re theis ofthe zuthonrt znd do net
necessarily reflect the vic\vs of the C.S. Agenc! ior lntsmauonal De\slopment.
ISTSOR\IIL Publication 03-06
Repon Coordinators
John \I. Yohe. Program Director
Thomas Cra\\ ford. Jr.. .\ss~wiateP rogram D~rector
Kimherl) Christiansen and Joan Fredsr~ck
For additional information contact the ISTSOR\iIL Management Entitj at:
INTSORbiIL
113 Biochemistry Hall
University of Xebraska
Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0748
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-Mail: SR\iLCRSPEunl.edu
brmNitsormil.org
A Research Development Program of the Agency for International
Development, the Board for International Food and Agricultural
Development (BIFAD), Participating Land-Grant Universities. Host
Country Research Agencies and Private Donors
INTSORMIL INSTITUTIONS
Kansas State Universie
Mississippi State University
-
University of Nebraska Lincoln
Purdue University
Texas A&M University
USDA-ARS, Tifton, Georgia
West Texas A&M University
INTSORMIL Institutions are affirmative actioniequal opportunity institutions.
INTSORMIL Management Entity
Dr. John M. Yohe, Program Director
Dr. Thomas W. Crawford, Jr., Associate Program Director
Ms. Joan Frederick, Administrative Technician
Ms. Kimberly Christiansen, St:lff Secrctary
Ms. Diane Sullivan, Accounting Clerk
INTSORMIL Board of Directors
Dr. Forrest Chumley, Kansas State University
Dr. Frank Gilstrap, Texas A&M University
Dr. Bill Hemdon, Jr., Mississippi State University
Dr. Flavius Killebrew, West Texas A&M [Jniversity
Dr. Darrell Nelson, University of Nebraska
Dr. Noel Pallais Checa, INTA, Nicaragua
Dr. David Sammons, Purdue University
INTSORMIL Technical Committee
Dr. Gebisa Ejeta, Purdue University
Dr. Bruce Hamaker, Purdue University
Dr. Steve Mason, University of Nebraska
Dr. Henry Pitre, Mississippi State University
Dr. Gary Peterson, Texas A&M University
Dr. John Sanders, Purdue llniversity
Dr. Mitchell Tuinstra, Kansas Slate University
Dr. Issoufou Kapran, INRAN, Niger
Dr. Peter Esele, Serere, 'Uganda
Contents
Introduction and Program Overview
Project Reports
Sustainable Plant Protection Systems
Agroecology and Biotechnolog) of Stalk Rot Pathogens of Sorghum and \Illlet
John F. Leslie (KSL'1I01 .................................................................................................................................... i
Agroecolozy and Biotechnolog) of Fungal Pathoeens of Soyhum and \lillet
Lam C. Clatlin (KSL- 211) ............................................................................
Enhancing the Utilization of Grain Sorghum and Pearl Jlillet through the lmpro\ement of Gnln Qual~r: \la Genetic
and Nutritional Research
Mitch Tuinstra. Joe Hancock. \Qlliarn Roone) and Clint \lagill (KSL 1101 ...................................................... I5
Low Input Ecologically Defined hlanagement Strategies for Insect Pests on Sorghum
Henn S. Pitre (MSU 205) ............................................................................................
Srriga Biotechnology De\elopment and Technolog? Transfer
Gebisa Ejeta (PRF 31 3 I ...........................................................
Sustainable Management of lnsect Pests
Bonnie B. Pendleton (\\'TL' 200) ..........
Sustainable Production Systems
Economic and Sustainabilih Evaluation of Ne\v Technologies in Sorghum and \fillet Production
in ISTSORbllL Priorih Countries
John H. Sanders (PRF 205) ................................................................................................................................. 45
Cropping Slstems to Optimize Yield. \\Btcr and Sutncnt Use Etticienc? of Pearl \fills and Gnin St\rfihum
Stephen C. Mason (CNL 11 3) ............................................................................................................................... 5 I
Soil and Water Management for Improving Sorghum Production in Eastern Africa
Charles \Vonmann and Martha hlamo (L'NL 119) ...................................................
Germplasm Enhancement and Consenation
Breeding Pearl Millet with impro\ed Periormancc and Stahilit:
Wayne H: Hanna (.4RS 101 Final Report) .......................................................................................................... 69
Breeding Pearl Millet for Improved Stability. Pcriorn~ance.a nd Pest Resistance
Jeffrey P. Wilson (ARS 206) ...............................................................................
De\elopment and Enhancement of Sorghum Gcrmplasln \\ith Sustained Tolerance to B~otlca nd .Abiotic Strrjj --
Gebisa Ejeta (PRF 207) .....................................................................................................................................
Germplasm Enhancement for Resistance to Pathogens and Drought and Increased Genet12 Di\crj~t:
Darrell T. Rosenow (T.A\f 2221 ......................................................................................................................... S>
Gerniplasm Enhancement for Resistance to Insects and Improved Efficiency for Sustainable Agriculture Systems
Gary C. Peterson (TAM 223) .............................................................................................................................9..3.. ..
Crop Utilization and Marketing
Chemical and Physical Aspects of Food and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum and Millet
Bruce R. Hamaker (PRF 212) ........................................ ....................................................................
Food and Nutritional Quality of Sorghum and Millet
Lloyd L. Rooney (TAM 226) ............................................
Host Country Program Enhancement
Central America
Stephen C. Mason ............................ . ......................................
Horn of Africa
. .
Geblsa Ejeta ...................................................................................................................................................1..3..5.. .....
Southern Africa
Gary C. Peterson ...............
West Africa (Eastern Division)
Bruce R. Hamaker ....................................... . .............................................................................................1..6..7.
West Africa (Western Division)
Darrell T. Rosenow ...................
Educational Activities
. . .
Year 24 Educational Actlvltles .......................................................................................................................... 197
. .
Year 24 INTSORMIL Degree Part~cbpants. ........................................................................................................ 198
. .
Year 24 INTSORMIL Non-Degree Part~clpants. ...................................................................................................1 99
Appendices
INTSORMIL Sponsored and Co-Sponsored Workshops 1979-200:5 ..................................................................2..0..3
Introduction and Program Review
From 1980 to 1999. according to the Fwd and ,Agricul- lion ha I I I thousand sq mi I in the Cnited Slates. .Ah>urr rlo
ture Organization of the United Nations (F.401. the number million people \\orld\vlde depend upon w~huntfo r id.
of food-insecure people in developing countries fell from 920 and most of these people are in de\ sloptn: coilntri;.r \r hers
million to about 800 million. !et in 2003. the International droughts and famine are common occurrence. In 2iNl;. 54.5
Food Policy Research Institute declared that "\\-ithour sig- million metrlc tons (XITIo f snrghum usre prduced u~~rld-
nificant changes in policies. public inxestments. and institu- wide. of uhich 20.3 niillion \IT \\ere pri.3uced in .4fnc~.
tions. \\e simply will not achie\e the 1996 Morld Fond Suni- mainl! for direct consumptien h! humnri. and 9: millti'n
mit goal-reaffirmed at the 2000 Sfillennium Summit and \lT uers produced in the Lnitcd States. i~ninl! inr Ii\e~r~v.ii,
again last )ear at the World Food Summit: fi\e yean later- feed to produce meat for human cnniumptlon IFAO d3t.11
of reducing the number of our fello\\- human beings aho are In the United States. so~hurnii irnpnant to the brl~nsec f
food insecure by at least half by no later than 201 5." F.AO trade. is an irnpnant feed in the prductcn o!'kei. and I,
indicates that the number has been decreasing by barely 2.5 increasingl! in demand a5 a rarr rnatenal !;>r i d a nd 3s J
million per year over the last eight yean. At that rate. \\e \\ill renewable feedstock for prcduct~ono f!;.isl. In 2lWl thr~~ugl!
reach these goals one hundred years late. in 2 1 15. I~ic,rrrsrd December. the United States e\p>neJ 5 4 n~lllinnS IT ~,fgrain
prodirctiorr ofcereuls. $~.hicuhr e o-itcia1 roiivces q(fbnd fri- soxhurn rnainl? for li\est~xLf eed uonh $5-il miill~ntF AS
e wa nd orlier rilrrrirrirs, 1.7 r~rccssor?1~0 ,udr,cc ~t.orldhi rrr- data). In 2002. 1. I millic>n SIT of zoqhum \rere used ti, pro-
ger: duce ethanol. Clc.urli. !~ity/iztrn, ~tttd:,~,~;,~,>!t.t/: ~ t~.i!:~~r:~~~
u.<,/&odn rr~i~k'cI~~C/1 ~11~1I~/1~~IO~J -I'I~II <it:c.!!r> :*1,;37 ru~rr-
According to Entering the 1 s tC e~rrrr~?-ll~rDl~c/~ r~l-n -trr a1*/ ro rhc L ~rrr~Stt'iir c,c.
opmenr Repol-r 1999:'2000. about 900 million people in al-
most 100 counmes are affected by drought and desenifica- \lillets. \\hich include se\enl t!w ,<.;h 3s par1 mil-
tion, and by 2025. that numher \\ill double. The population let. finger millet and proso millet. nrs cere~c:r ops e;en kt-
of the world has doubled since 1940. but fresh water use has ter adapted to arid ecos)rtsms than is ioqhum. xiid p ~ r I
increased fourfold. Water scarcin is becoming more \\id+ millet is a staplz ior 3iKl million pz~y~ul'eri duide. \lost i>i
spread. with concomitant effects on regional peace and glo- these people are in countries a ithin semi-~ndre g,,nt r\ her<
bal food securip. Nearl) all of the 3 billion increase in plo- malnourishment is a persisten[ pri~hlem.I n lW2. 1: 4 nnl-
bal population which isespected by 2025 \\ill be in de\elop- lion hectaresf 139.MKl sq mi I riniillet; \\ere h.ineted ut7rld-
ing countries \\-here uater is already scarce. To meet the \\ide.of\\h~ch1 06mill1on hai-'?.hiUI q \sere hzneited
increasing demand for food in those countries. there is 3n in Africa. and $9.03 ha 1344s q ~ I\\eIrr. ?anested in the
increasing demand for more efficient production and neu United States. In 2002. the amount of millet^ hanestec! i~t~rlli-
ways of utilizing drought-tolerant crops \\hich have a com- \ride \\a 21.3 million \IT. ofahtch 13.6 n!ilIic~n\ IT itere
petiti1.e advantage to produce food under conditions of un- hanested in :\fnca and -4.9-9 tlieus3nd \IT \\ere h3nestelj
predictable and scarce rainfall. .As uater becomes more pre- in the United States. Slillets are cr~,pju sed n~in!?t cr drrest
cious in the L'nited States. cereals which can produce energy consumption b! humans in ds\ elopln countriy. and i.,r id-
for feed and tiel in drought-prone areas of the countn are ing li\estn-k. panicularly pultn. in de\rlilped s<in~tr ,e\.
demonstrating increasingly competiti\e ad\ antages. Pearl millst IS an iniponant cereal crcy \\ hish pro\ id:< i d
ensrg! and other nutrients to hundreds of ni~lli~inxsip eople
According to Sandra Postel of the Global \Vater Polic! in arras uhich currmtl! sutlkr from malnutntion. p3rtlsu-
Project. "Some 40 percent of the \vorld's food comes from larly .Africa and southern Asia. Tli~,~ .JJ:SII.~IJ<,.~J~< 1 1i.JI/ !
.,
irrigated cropland. and we're betting on that share to increase orlrrrp~~r-ric!;~~irtl~rct,~ l l ; ~ r / ~ / f ~ ~ ~ ~;:.ni C o,t.;~.k,. r t ~ ~ - ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
to feed a growing population." In developing countries of !I , /~r<>"r,>lril,l~li t, prt>'/i,' I~On< ,,I'/ l,ll/~~'l<l>~I< ~o~?y~;~; i#,>,r!iiJ
the semi-arid regions. so~~hrrn'11ri d miller. two imponant pe'zrl 11rr1/rrr o lit,/;, cv~cIii itti?~~j.~. ~rr~~'t~I19t1r .~<r.biit),. t
cereal grains uhich are mainl)- rainfed and not imgated. make
the difference kt\\-sen food securit! and famine. .As uater In lli~,%Flc x,tl Ptt,.\;>,.cr< Criric ~1 1, \rt~.<f i~trli , E,I~/:
for irrigation becomes more scarce for agriculture due to ur- Tl,erm.-Fir>r (;,nntr,: IFPRl points out I~JI'- \\ithoiit sub-
ban competition for water \\-orlduide. drought-tolerant. stantial and sustained additional in\r?mient In qriciilturnl
rainfed soshum and millet \\ill continue to gain increased research and associated facton. II \\ ill heconie niore and more
imponancs as efficient users of water to produce nutritious ditiicult to malnrain. let alone Increase. csri.31 !isids in the
food for humans and feed for poult? and li\estock. longer term. Ths 93p in 31cnge cereal !icIJs k t ~ ~ etehen
de\eloFd arid de\eloping countries is <IF\\ !I tqinr:i!i: I\>
Large areas are planted to sorghum each year. For ex- narro\\. hut it is ~idsningco ni!derahl> \~!t:i:n :hi. de\slop
ample. in 2002 sorghum \\-as produced on 42.6 million hect- ing trorld as Suh-Saharan .-\fricn ingr funher and iunlier k-
ares (ha, or 161 thousand square miles. [sq mi]) \rorld\\ide. hind the other regions . . . ... In 11s :II-'~I G,.r,hc~,'F8,<O~:.I1I-
23.6 million ha (91 thousand sq mi) in .Africa. and 3.0 mil- look R~XWlIF.P Rl ohsenes lh31 "CuIt~\ating!i il>rc3 nki mt're
ii
b