Economic and Social Development into the XXI Century (Inter-American Development Bank)

592 Pages·1997·0.26 MB·English

by  Louis Emmerij

Thipsa gien tentlieobfnltaa lnlyk
Economaincd S ociDaelv elopment
inttoh eX XIC entury
Editbeyd
LouiEsm merij
Publisbhyet dh Ien ter-AmeDreivcane lopmBeankn t
DistribbuytT ehdeJ ohnHso pkinUsn iverPsrietsys
WashingtoDn.,C .
1997
© 199I7 netr-AmerDiecvealno pmeBnatn k
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oft haeu thoarnsdd on ot necessartihloeyffi cripeaoflsl ietcito n
oft hIen ter-AmeDreivcoealpnm enBta nk.
Cataloging-in-dPuabtlpair coavtiibdoyetn dh e
Inter-AmeDreivcealno pmBeankn t
FeliHpeer reLriab rary
ConefrenDceeve lopmeTnhti nkianngdP ract(i1c9e9: W6 a shingtDoCn),
Economaincds ocidaeelvl opmeinnttt oh XXIe centuIer dyi tbeydL ouiEsm merij.
p.cm.
Inclubdieibsol graprheiefcraeln ces.
ISBN1:8 86938210
1.E conomdiecev lopment-Cong2r.Ee csosneosm.di ecev lopment-
Sociaaslp ecCtosn-gres3s.Ee cso.n ompiocl i-cCyongresIs.eE sm.m er,iL jouis.
III.n ter-AmeDreiveclaonp meBnatn kI.I TIi.t le.
338.9C 37-dc2 0 97-74185
CONTENTS
Foreword
EnriqV.uleg le.s.i.a..s. ..........................................................................v.i i
PARTI
DevelopmentThiannkdPi rnagc tice:
IntroducEtsosraayyn dP oliCcoyn clusions
LouEimsm er.i.j.. ..............................................................................3. ..
PARTI I
GlobalizaamtiidDo inv ersity
EisuSkaek akib..a.r..a. .........................................................................4. 1
TheW ashingtCoonn sensRuesv isited
JohWni lliam..s.o..n. ..............................•.........................................4..8.
COMMENTBSY
FranScteesw a.r..t.. ..........................................................................6..2.
BishnoPdearts a.u..d. ........................................................7.0.. ................
TorYua nagi.h.a..r..a.. .........................................................................7.6
SuccesasnedsF ailuorfeD se velopmeEnxtp eriesnicnect eh e1 980s
GustRaavn i..s. .................................................................................8. 1
COMMENTBSY
LawrenKclee .i.n.. ..............................................................................9. 9
RichaJrodl. l.y.. ..............................................................1.0 .4.. ..............
GlobalizaantdiC oonm petitiveness:
ImplicatfiooDrne sv elopmentThiannkdPi rnagc tice?
PaultSr ee.t.e..n... ..........................................................................1.0 .7.
GlobalizaantdiC oonm petitivientn heesX sX IC entury:
A JapanePseer spective
RyokiHcihrio .n.o.. ...................................................................1.4..8. ......
COMMENBTYS
DharaGmh ai.. ....................................................................1..6.7. ........
LourdAersi z.p.e.. ......................................................................1..7.2. ....
DevelopmaenndtU nderdevelopimnae G nlto baliWzoerdl d:
LatiAnm ericDainl emmas
A/dFoe rr..e.r. .................................................................................1.7 8
PARTI ll
DevelopmentThiannkdPi onlgi ciinLe ast iAnm eriacnad t heC aribbean:
Pasatn dF uture
GerRto sent.h..a•l•. ..........................................................................1.8 .9
COMMENTBSY
HeliJoa guar.i..b.e.. .........................................................................2.0. 7
lgnacy S.a..c.h.s.. ........................................................................2..11. .
AkioHos.o.n..o. ..............................................................................2. 16
Catchiunpgw itthh eW est:
A PerspecotniA vsei aEnc onomic DevelaonpdmL eensts ofnosLr a tiAnm erica
AjSiitn g.h.. ...•..............................................................................2.2. 2
COMMENTBSY
KeijiOrtos uk.a.. ..............................................................................2. 66
FranT.cL ius.i . ..........................................................................2..6.9.. ...
TheP olitEiccoanlo moyfD evelopmPeonlti AcnyA :s iaPne rspective
PranaBba rdh.a.n... ..........................................................................2.7 3
COMMENTBSY
FranT.cL iusi. . .................................................................................2.8 8
KeijiOrtos u.k.a.. ...............................................................................2 91
Economic PaonldPi ecfryo rmanicneC apitaEluirsotp e
AnguMsa ddis.o..n. ..........................................................................2.9. 4
COMMENTBSY
IrmAad elma..n. .............................................................................3.1.6
WolGfrabend.o.r..ff. ........................................................................3..2 5
Lessons Cforuonmt riinTe rsa nsition
YveBse rth.e.l..o•t... •.........................................................................3.2 9
COMMENTBSY
JohFnl emmi.n.g.. ....................................................................3..4.5.. ....
DragosAlvarva mov..i.c.. ..............................................................3..5.1.. ...
Lessofnrso Jma paInn:d ustProilailAc pyp roaacnhd t heE asAts iaTnr ail
KatsuhYiasmaa daan dA kifuKmuic hi..k.i.. .................................................3..5. 9
COMMENBTSY
Nancy Bi.r..d.s...a..l..l. ..................................•...............................3..9.4..
YunCgh uPla r.k.. ..........................................................................4..0.0..
PARTlY
LatAinm eriicnat heX XIC entury
AlbeFrits h/.o..w.. ....................................................................4..0.5.
COMMENTBSY
AndrSeosl ima..n.o.. .0.00 00 00 0.0•0• 0 00 0• ••0 00 00 0.0000 •• 00...0.0.0 0. ...............0.0 0.0. ..o o• •4 19
MitsuhKiargoa m..i. .......................................................................4..2.2..
FranciRs.Sc aog as. 0t0• i 00 . . 0.0. .0 0• •0 00 0• ••0 0• •0 0.0 00 0• •0 00 0 0000 .0 0• ••0 00 00 0• •••••0•0 .0 0 0•0• •••4•2 7
LatiAnm ericEax'isft rso tm heL iberal Transition
AlaTionu ra.i.n..e. .......•.....................................................................4 31
GovernabainldiE tqyu itKye:yC onditifoonSrsu staiDneevde lopment
EdgarBdooe nin.g..e.r.. .......................................................................4 45
Jobasn dS olidaCrhiatlyl:e nfgoePrso st-AdjusitnmL eanttiA nm erica
VictE.o Tro kma.n.. ....•.......................•..........••.........•.•.............•.......4.4..9
COMMENTBSY
R.F frehn-cDav..i.s.. ..........................................................................4.7. 2
TakaFou kuc.h...i. ........................................................•............4.7..6. ....
AnE ssaoyn t heM acroeconoomfiS cosc iDaelv elopmiennL ta tiAnm erica
MartPianl da.m.. ...........................................................................4..8.0
PARTY
IsD evelopmEecnotn omiSctsiR lell evant?
H.W. Sing0e00r 0• ••0 0• •0 0. 0000• •••0•0 0000 • •••0•0 0 00 0.0 0• ••0 00 0 0000 0 0• 00• •0 0. ..0 0• ••0•0 .0 0 0•0• 0 0• •5 07
HowW elDlo E conomiSsetrsv Dee velopmTehneto rayn dP ractice?
EmanudeelK ad.t.0 0• ••0 0 .. 00• •0•00 00 0 0•0• ••••0•0 .0000 0 0.00 ••0 00 00 0• ••0 0• •0 00 0 00 •0•0•. 0000 0•0• ••5 12
NationaltihzeAi nntgi povAegretnyd a
JohTno y.e.. ..................................................................................5..2 1
DevelopmTehnitn kianttg h eB eginnionftg h eX XIC entury
AmartySae n.. .........0 0 .. •0•0• •0•0 . ......0.0.. ..0 00 0• •••0•0 0 0 0000 • ••0 0• •0 0.0 0. ...00 0 0.0 0.0 0. ..5 31
COMMENTBSY
MiguUerlr ut..i..a.. ................•...........•......•......•..•.......••...•.....•...•....5.•5.2
TetsOukjaiz a.k...i. ............................................................................5.5 4
Indebxy a uth.o.r. ..•.............•.....•............................................5..5.8.. ...
Indebxy s ubje.c..t. ........................................................................5.6 4
Thipsa gien tentlieobfnltaa lnlyk
Foreword
EnriqIulgeeis as1
V.
Thec entariamlo ft hpe resevnoltu miest oa swkh awte h avlee arned eacboonuotm ic
ands ocidaeelvl opmefronmty eargso nbey a ndw herwee a rhee adneodw T.h ea nswer
tot hfier sqtu estiisto hnaw teh ave leaag rrneedadet a oln,e veryfr ontB.u tw ec oulpde r­
hapssi gntahlr aeree iansw hicwhe h avgea insepde ciinasli ght.
The fiisir nsa tc knloewdgitnhsegh eceorm pleoxiftt hyie s soufed eevlopmefnatr,
morceo mpltehxa insc ommontlhyo ugThhte.s ecoinsdi nu nderstatnhdaiotnn gl y a
comprehenaspipvreo atcodh e vleopmewnitld lo :m onisatpipcr oacshiemspw liyl nlo t
workWe. havhea da mploep portutnoci otnyfi rtmh ter uotfht his asisnet rhcteoi uorns e
oft ime. But tphemero hsatp ss aalrieoeafin nt siggahitn iesid n u nderstatnhdaidten ­g
veolpmenitsd ecidepdolsys iTbhlele a.s t thfiorrttyyye aohrras v aeff ordmeadn yc on­
firmatiooftn hsif sac tt,h outghhe numbceorusn toarfni dep se oprleea pitnhfgeru itosf
deevlopmeanrstet ifelw.lW e havlee arneadb ouetx ampolefas vn eueosfs olutsioomne,
oft henmo wb einpgu rsuienLd a tAimn erica.
Theo thecre ntqruaels tiiwso hne thweera rneo wa dvnacintgo waarn de wd evoepl­
menpta radiIga mm.i nclitnose ady we are not-taonw do nidneidrfae n eedwp, a ra­
digmi sn eedeatda lWlh.a ti nse edeidst her igahsts ortomfecn otn ceapntdst ootlos
managteh ee conomdiecev lopmepnrto ceisnas l ilt cso mplietxTyh.e s cholwahroas r e
eagfeorr a paradiegvemrr yih gatvhoetbe concerwneec do;u lcdo ncedteh ettmoh aatn y
sucpha radiwgouml dne etdo flbeex iabnldei ncremeonntea lt,bh uaitlo dnes x perience.
An incrememnotdaeillsn e edbeedc auesaecs ht efpol lofworsm a p revioonueas n di tself
leaves bceohirnpoduf sl eas sloenasr ntehadwt i lilno frmt hnee xstt age.
Onem ighatr rantghee delibaenrdda itsicounsshs eiroienn stt oh rbereo acda tergioes
ofp rincitphloetsshe:a t atpope elaigrce inte argarlme eentt,h ceo ntrovoenresasin,ad tl h e
philohsiocpoanle (st hlea ttbeeri negv erbyia ts c ontrovbeurtsm ioarlde i fficutlopt i n
downT)o.m entiborni etfhlieys suoenws h icahc onsenesxuisse txpse,r iehnacsseh own
ust hastt andbauridl dbilnogc iknts h een terporfdi esevel opmeinntc lourddee mralcyr o­
econommiacn agemesntta;bp lrei cfiensa,n csiyaeslmt sa,n dd omesstaiivcn agn di nvest­
menpto licsikeislh;lu emda rne sourtcherese ;m ovoaffil n ancainadtl r acdoen strtaoi nts
easeec onomiinettsoh gel obmaalr ketpalnadec xep; oerxpta nsiaonndd ievrsificWaet ion.
couledv etna lokfc ert"aciond oefsg row,t"wh hicahr fea bre ttdeerf intehdaw na st he
cas2e5 y eaargso i,nL atAimne ripcaar ctuila.r ly
1P resoitfdh eIenn tt eerr-iDAcemavne loBpamnaeknnC dth aiorftm haBeno aorExfde cuDtiirveeoc ftt hoer sI nter­
AmerIinctvamenes Cnotr pioorna.t
VIIFIO REWORD
Them orceo ntroviesrssuiceaasllfo lrc oncrientdei,v iduraelsoipnzseeodsn t hpea rt
ofc ountorrir eesg ioWnist.hm oreex periiemtna cyeb, e compeo ssitbodl rea vwa lid gen­
eralizaotnti hoenissse s uaesws e lblu,tt hicsl arwiitlyl s obmete i mien c oming.
Ones ucihs siuste h peo lyim cixq uestCioomnm.e nhtasv e boeffeenr oendv arious
facetosft hies shuoew:t o achsiteavbeit lhireto ylo;efe xchaanngdei nterraetsteth sre;o le
ofe xterfunnadli nvgo;l atialnidt ytp;ha eca et w hicehc onomainedsfi nancial systems
opeunp .C onseirdabslter ihdaevsbe e emna deo nt hescer ucfioranlt bsu,t s of ar,n o
across-thaep-pbrooaahrcadhhs e lidn;L atAimne riacsea l sewhceoruen,t arriheea sv ing
tow reswtiltedh i fferaelntte rensa.t iv
Yeatn othfeocru os fl ivedliys cusissti hoen rooftl hese t aatne,o thfeorrn otn which
countarrimeeo sv infigr mlfyor warTdh.e i ssiuse nthoeetx istoefnt chese t aptees re;t he
questriaotnh ieswr h aftor mt hisst astheo utladk. Ie ti su ndersttohoatdth set ahtaesa
plaicneb asfuincc tiosnucsah se ducoanth,ie alctahr een,v ironmpernottaelc tifoosn­, the
terionfsg a nvgisa,n d tihnes titouflteignaagnl dj udicsysitale mTsh.e rael seox ists a mea­
suroefc onsenasstu os htohwe nseee dssh oubleds atisnfoitle eda,bs ytl ookitnotg h e
privsaetcet aoswr e lTlh.i ass peicsit nf acto neo ft hpei votthaelm oefst hcer ossionvteor
thtew enty-cfiernsttuh royw:t hpeu blicp rainvdsa etcet coarns and wsohroikun lc do n­
certtos eeakn swermsa ntyoo f t heisses ues.
Anothoeftr h meo rceo ntenttioopuiiscst s h aep protaocmh i croeconiosmsiumcei s­,
coreconormeiofcr ma,n dw hatp artth set aotueg htto pilnat yh iSso.m ee xampmliegsh t
bep ossisbulceah,ss tastuep poforrit n dusatnrdy tehxep osretc rto ort hset atset'esp ping
int or emedmya rkiemtp reefcotnis. Tqhueesset wiiolnlsd onuob cto ntitnou eas rpdke ­
batient hyee ars ahead.
Theq uestoifso onc ipaolly ih caasl scoo mei nf orc ommenatn dd iscushseirouenn, ­
derliinnEe ddg arBdooe ningaedrm'isr apbrleyc ciosnet ribuHetriaeog na.i nnoo, b vious
solutairoaens ys e otn t hheo rizIotin sn. o tat callelha orw i ncome distarnidtb huet ion
employmseinttu actainbo eni mprovWeed k.n oww hatth ien gredaireenb,tu swte h ave
yetto l eawrhna tth ied emailx w ouldb e.
Thet hird fiannabdlr oacda tgeoroyfp rincidpilsecsu sisnte hdpe r esevnotl umies
theo new e reefrretdoe arlaisep rh ilosaolpt;hh iecsaer eq uestitohnagsto t ov alues.
AmartSyean t'hso ugthatkste h dee evlopmednetb aotnet aof alro ftier apsbl aenfieta,s
reflecotnvi aoulne sL.o urdes Acroirrzeppceot ilnyot ustt ,h ese considecrualttiuoranls are
inn atuTrhee.q uestiisho onw c ountrsiheosua lddd retshse msetlovs eusc cho nsidera­
tioansst hecyh ooasmeo ndge evlopment options.
Twoo thierm potranstu bjeacltsfsoal iln ttoh ree alomfp oiltipchaill pohsyoO.n ei s
thmea ttoefrg overnaanncdpe o litsiycsatleo mfws h, ich ATlouariani wnrei theosw:a
countmrayn agtehse psreo ceswsheisc,h tuasik netsto h e oafpr otl itDiecvesl.o pmeinst
ultimatthemela yk inogfc hoicienas s ocitehtayt a liistv eh,am ta keksn owin tvsi ews,
tharte acatnsdt, h aktn owhso w atsos easnsde vaulate.
A further ciosmsiunuegn detrh sep heorfpe o litical pihsgi lloobsaolopinhAz.yla tdio
Ferraenrdo thersg iavriuensm g u chf oodf ort houghhetr Gel.o baliziastr ieaao lnwi et y:
havneo c hoibcuett o o peraitnte h weo rlmda rketpTlhaecreae.r dei asdvatnagteost his