Economic and medicinal plant research. / Volume 3 PDF
Preview Economic and medicinal plant research. / Volume 3
Economic and Medicinal Plant Research Volume 3 Edited by H. WAGNER Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie der Universität München, München, West Germany HIROSHI HIKINO Pharmaceutical Institute, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan NORMAN R. FARNSWORTH Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA ACADEMIC PRESS Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers London San Diego New York Berkeley Boston Sydney Tokyo Toronto ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 United States Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. San Diego, CA 92101 Copyright © 1989 by ACADEMIC PRESS LIMITED All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photostat, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Economic and medicinal plant research Vol. 3 1. Plants useful to man. Research I. Wagner, H. (Hildebert) II. Hikino, Hiroshi III. Farnsworth, Norman, R. 581.6T072 ISBN 0-12-730064-3 Phototypeset by Photo-graphics, Honiton, Devon, England Printed in Great Britain by TJ. Press (Padstow) Ltd., Padstow, Cornwall Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. KURT HOSTETTMANN (73), Institute of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. JAMES A. KLOCKE (103), Department of Phytochemistry, NPI, University of Utah Research Park, 417 Wakara Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. PETER P. PRINCIPE (1), US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC 20460, USA. HEINZ REMBOLD (57), Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, D-8033 Martinsried, Federal Republic of Germany. P.I. TRIGG (19), Research and Technical Intelligence, Malaria Action Programme, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. This page intentionally left blank Preface The varied character of natural plant products, and indeed their very existence pose fundamental questions to scientists. Many books have been published concerning the chemical aspects of these products; however, it is exceptional to find discussed within a single volume most aspects of particular genera or of particular pharmacological classes of natural substances, all having economic potential. Thus the intent of this book series is to identify areas of research in natural plant products that are of immediate or projected importance from a practical point of view and to review these areas in a concise and critical manner. We feel that these topics will be of great interest to graduate students, research workers, and others interested in the discovery of natural products and in their further utilization as drugs, pharmacological tools, models for synthetic efforts, or other economic purposes. We hope that decision makers in industry, government agencies, philanthropic foundations and elsewhere will benefit from these timely reviews, and consider these and related projects as worthwhile endeavours for further research. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors iii Preface v 1 The Economic Significance of Plants and their Constituents as Drugs Peter P. Principe I. Introduction 1 II. The Market Value of Medicinal Plants 3 III. A More Complete Valuation 12 IV. Concluding Remarks 15 Acknowledgement 17 References 17 2 Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) as an Antimalarial Drug P. I. Trigg I. Introduction 20 II. Artemisia annua and the Extraction of Artemisinin 21 III. Chemical Studies 23 IV. Biological Studies 30 V. Toxicity 36 VIII CONTENTS VI. Estimation of Artemisinin and its Derivatives 38 VII. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 40 VIII. Clinical Studies 43 IX. Effect of Artemisinin and its Derivatives on other Parasites 49 X. The Potential Role of Artemisinin and its Derivatives for Malaria Control 49 Acknowledgements 51 References 51 3 The Azadirachtins—Their Potential for Insect Control Heinz Rembold I. Introduction 57 II. Historical Review 58 III. Structures of the Azadirachtin Group 59 IV. Mode of Action of Azadirachtin 65 V. Future Potential of Azadirachtin 69 References 71 4 Plant-Derived Molluscicides of Current Importance Kurt Hostettmann I. Introduction 73 II. Major Classes of Natural Products Exhibiting Molluscicidal Activity 75 III. Criteria for Efficient Plant Molluscicides 80 IV. Phytolacca dodecandra (Phytolaccaceae) (Endod) 81 V. Swartzia madagascariensis (Leguminosae) 87 VI. Ambrosia maritima (Compositae) 91 VII. Other Promising Plant Molluscicides 93 VIII. Future Developments and Research Potential 97 Acknowledgements 98 References 99 CONTENTS ιχ 5 Plant Compounds as Sources and Models of Insect-Control Agents James A. Klocke I. Introduction 104 II. Plant Compounds as Major Commercial Importance as Sources and Models of Insect-Control Agents 105 III. Plant Genera with Potential Commercial Importance as Sources of Insect-Control Agents 115 IV. Plant Compounds with Potential Commercial Import ance in Insect Control 120 V. Future Potential of Plant Compounds as Insect-Control Agents 135 Acknowledgements 138 References 138 Index 145
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