Ecology : the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance

653 Pages·2014·39.56 MB·English

by  Krebs

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Ecology: The Experimental Analysis
ISBN 978-1-29202-627-5
of Distribution and Abundance
Charles J. Krebs
9 781292 026275 Sixth Edition
Ecology: The Experimental Analysis
of Distribution and Abundance
Charles J. Krebs
Sixth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02627-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02627-5
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
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Essex CM20 2JE
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ISBN 10: 1-292-02627-8
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02627-5
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
1111121246680257922482099910380
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Charles J. Krebs 2
1. Introduction to the Science of Ecology
Charles J. Krebs 14
2. Evolution and Ecology
Charles J. Krebs 28
3. Behavioral Ecology
Charles J. Krebs 42
4. Analyzing Geographic Distributions
Charles J. Krebs 60
5. Factors That Limit Distributions I: Biotic
Charles J. Krebs 69
6. Factors That Limit Distributions II: Abiotic
Charles J. Krebs 89
7. Distribution and Abundance
Charles J. Krebs 109
8. Population Parameters and Demographic Techniques
Charles J. Krebs 121
9. Population Growth
Charles J. Krebs 150
10. Species Interactions I: Competition
Charles J. Krebs 173
11. Species Interactions II: Predation
Charles J. Krebs 198
12. Species Interactions III: Herbivory and Mutualism
Charles J. Krebs 220
I
222333344445555555479136813681357888601373859592659147
13. Species Interactions IV: Disease and Parasitism
Charles J. Krebs 246
14. Regulation of Population Size
Charles J. Krebs 270
15. Applied Problems I: Harvesting Populations
Charles J. Krebs 291
16. Applied Problems II: Pest Control
Charles J. Krebs 313
17. Applied Problems III: Conservation Biology
Charles J. Krebs 337
18. Community Structure in Space: Biodiversity
Charles J. Krebs 363
19. Community Structure in Time: Succession
Charles J. Krebs 388
20. Community Dynamics I: Predation and Competition in Equilibrial Communities
Charles J. Krebs 415
21. Community Dynamics II: Disturbance and Nonequilibrium Communities
Charles J. Krebs 439
22. Ecosystem Metabolism I: Primary Production
Charles J. Krebs 465
23. Ecosystem Metabolism II: Secondary Production
Charles J. Krebs 489
24. Ecosystem Metabolism III: Nutrient Cycles
Charles J. Krebs 512
25. Ecosystem Dynamics under Changing Climates
Charles J. Krebs 536
26. Ecosystem Health and Human Impacts
Charles J. Krebs 555
Appendix: A Primer on Population Genetics
Charles J. Krebs 579
Appendix: Instantaneous and Finite Rates
Charles J. Krebs 581
Appendix: Species Diversity Measures of Heterogeneity
Charles J. Krebs 584
Bibliography
Charles J. Krebs 587
II
631
Index 631
III
IV
1
Glossary
abiotic factors characterized by the apex predator in a food chain, it is the community or ecosystem level of
absence of life; include temperature, highest trophic level. Apex preda- organization.
humidity, pH, and other physical tors do not have other predators bioelements the chemical elements
and chemical influences. feeding on them within the food that move through living
absolute density the number of indi- web. organisms.
viduals per unit area or per unit aposematic warning coloration, indi- biogeochemical cycles the movement
volume. cating to a predator that this prey is of chemical elements around an
abundance the number or biomass of poisonous or highly defended ecosystem via physical and biologi-
organisms of a particular species in against attack. cal processes.
a general area. apparent competition two species biogeography the study of the geo-
actual evapotranspiration the actual who do not share any resources but graphical distribution of life on
amount of water that is used by and whose numbers change in relation Earth and the reasons for the pat-
evaporates from a plant community to one another because of an indi- terns one observes on different con-
over a given time period, largely de- rect effect of a third species, typi- tinents, islands, or oceans.
pendent on the available water and cally a shared predator or natural biological control the reduction of
the temperature. enemy. pests by the introduction of preda-
adaptation any alteration in the struc- association major unit in community tors, parasites, or pathogens; by ge-
ture or function of an organism by ecology, characterized by essential netic manipulations of crops or
which the organism becomes better uniformity of species composition. pests; by sterilization of pests; or by
able to survive and multiply in its autotroph organism that obtains en- mating disruption using
environment. ergy from the sun and materials pheromones.
additive effects reproduction or mor- from inorganic sources; contrast biomanipulation the management
tality that simply adds or subtracts with heterotroph. Most plants are practice of using a trophic cascade
the individuals to the current popu- autotrophs. to restore lakes to a clear water con-
lation; opposite of compensatory balance of nature the belief that natu- dition by removing herbivorous or
effects. ral populations and communities planktivorous fishes or by adding
aggregation coming together of or- exist in a stable equilibrium and piscivorous (predatory) fishes to a
ganisms into a group, as in locusts. maintain that equilibrium in the lake.
aggregative response the response of absence of human interference. biomass the mass or weight of living
predators or parasitoids to concen- barriers any geographic feature that matter in an area.
trate their foraging in an area of hinders or prevents dispersal or biosphere the whole-earth ecosystem,
dense prey species. movement across it, producing also called the ecosphere.
Allee effects population growth rates isolation. biota species of all the plants and ani-
that decrease below replacement basal metabolic rate the amount of mals occurring within a certain area
level at low population density, po- energy expended by an animal or region.
tentially leading to extinction. while at rest in a neutral temperate biotic factors environmental influ-
allele one of a pair of characters that environment, in the post-absorptive ences caused by plants or animals;
are alternative to each other in in- (fasting) state; the minimum rate of opposite of abiotic factors.
heritance, being governed by genes metabolism. bottom-up model the idea that com-
situated at the same locus in ho- big-bang reproduction offspring are munity organization is set by the ef-
mologous chromosomes. produced in one burst rather than fects of plants on herbivores and
allelopathy organisms that alter the in a repeated manner. herbivores on carnivores in the food
surrounding chemical environment biodiversity the number of species in chain.
in such a way as to prevent other a community or region, which may bryophytes plants in the phylum
species from using it, typically with be weighted by their relative abun- Bryophyta comprising mosses, liver-
toxins or antibiotics. dances; also used as an umbrella worts, and hornworts.
ambient energy hypothesis the idea concept for total biological diversity Calvin-Benson cycle the series of bio-
that species diversity is governed by including genetic diversity within a chemical reactions that takes place
the amount of energy falling on an species, species diversity (as used in the stroma of chloroplasts in
area. here), and ecosystem diversity at the photosynthetic organisms and
From Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance, Sixth Edition. Eugene Hecht.
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published by Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
2
GLOSSARY
results in the first step of carbon fix- tures of the plants are genetically with the experimental treatments to
ation in photosynthesis. controlled and which are environ- which something is typically added
cannibalism an animal that feeds on mentally determined. or subtracted.
others of the same species. community a group of populations cost–benefit analysis an assessment
carnivores animals that eat mainly living in the same area or habitat. to determine whether the cost of an
flesh from other animals; contrast community structure the species com- activity is less than the benefit that
with herbivore. position of an ecological commu- can be expected from the activity.
catastrophic agents term used by nity including the abundance of all crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Howard and Fiske (1911) to de- the populations in the community. a form of photosynthesis in which
scribe agents of destruction in compartment any component of the two chemical parts of photosyn-
which the percentage of destruction study for an analysis of nutrient cy- thesis are separated in time because
is not related to population density; cling, such as a lake, a species of CO is taken up at night through
2
synonymous with density- plant, or a functional group of ni- the stomata (which are then closed
independent factors. trogen fixers, measured by its stand- during the day) and fixed to be used
character displacement the diver- ing crop or amount of nutrient. later in the day to complete photo-
gence in morphology between simi- compartment model a type of box- synthesis carbon fixation; an adap-
lar species in the region where the and-arrow model of diseases in tation used by desert plants to
species both occur, but this diver- which each compartment contains a conserve water.
gence is reduced or lost in regions part of the system that can be mea- critical load the amount of a nutrient
where the species’ distributions do sured and the compartments are such as nitrogen that can be ab-
not overlap; presumed to be caused linked by flows between them; each sorbed by an ecosystem without
by competition. compartment typically has an input damaging its integrity.
climatic climax the final equilibrium from some compartments and an cultural control the reduction of pest
vegetation for a site that is dictated output to other compartments. populations by agricultural manip-
by climate and toward which all compensation point for plants the ulations involving crop rotation,
successions are proceeding, accord- equilibrium point at which photo- strip cropping, burning of crop
ing to Frederic Clements. synthesis equals respiration. residues, staggered plantings, and
climax community the final equilib- compensatory effects reproduction or other agricultural practices.
rium community toward which suc- mortality that does not add or sub- declining-population paradigm the
cession moves. tract the individuals to the current focus of this approach is on detect-
climax-pattern hypothesis the view population but only replaces other ing, diagnosing, and halting a pop-
that climax communities grade into individuals with no change in pop- ulation decline by finding the
one another and form a continuum ulation size; opposite of additive causal factors affecting the
of climax types that vary gradually effects. population.
along environmental gradients. competition occurs when a number of deme interbreeding group in a popu-
closed population in population esti- organisms of the same or different lation; also known as local
mation, a population that is not species utilize common resources population.
changing in size during the interval that are in short supply demographic stochasticity the ran-
of study, having no natality, mortal- (exploitation) or when the organisms dom variation in birth and death
ity, immigration, or emigration. harm one another in the process of rates that can lead by chance to
coarse-grained habitat from a particu- acquiring these resources extinction.
lar species’ point of view a habitat is (interference). demographic transition the change in
coarse grained if it spends its life in competitive exclusion principle human populations from the two
one fragment of habitat and cannot complete competitors cannot coex- zero-population-growth states of
move easily to another patch. ist; also called Gause’s hypothesis. high birth and high death rates to
coevolution the evolution of two or connectance used to describe food low birth and low death rates.
more species that interact closely web complexity; the fraction of po- density number of organisms per unit
with one another, with each species tential interactions in a food web area or per unit volume.
adapting to changes in the other. that actually exist. density-dependent rate as population
cohort life table a life table that fol- continental climates the product of density rises, births or immigration
lows a group of organisms from ger- weather systems over large land- decrease or deaths or emigration in-
mination, birth, or hatching to the masses that result in cold winters crease, and consequently a graph of
death of the last individual. and warm summers, not influenced population density versus the rate
common garden an experimental de- by the large ocean masses, typically will have a positive or negative
sign in plant ecophysiology in in temperate and polar latitudes. slope.
which a series of plants from differ- control in an experimental design a density-independent rate as popula-
ent areas are brought together and control is a treatment or plot in tion density rises, the rate does not
planted in one area, side by side, in which nothing is changed so that it change in any systematic manner,
an attempt to determine which fea- serves as a baseline for comparison so that a graph of population
3