Ecology of Weeds and Invasive Plants: Relationship to Agriculture and Natural Resource Management

475 Pages·2007·4.93 MB·English

by  Steven R. Radosevich

ECOLOGY OF WEEDS
AND INVASIVE PLANTS
RELATIONSHIP TO
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Third Edition
STEVEN R. RADOSEVICH
OregonState University
Corvallis, Oregon
JODIE S. HOLT
University of California
Riverside, California
CLAUDIO M. GHERSA
University of Buenos Aires
BuenosAires, Argentina

ECOLOGY OF WEEDS
AND INVASIVE PLANTS

ECOLOGY OF WEEDS
AND INVASIVE PLANTS
RELATIONSHIP TO
AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Third Edition
STEVEN R. RADOSEVICH
OregonState University
Corvallis, Oregon
JODIE S. HOLT
University of California
Riverside, California
CLAUDIO M. GHERSA
University of Buenos Aires
BuenosAires, Argentina
Copyright#2007byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved.
PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey
PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,
exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,without
eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentofthe
appropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,
MA01923,[phone],fax[phone],oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.Requests
tothePublisherforpermissionshouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,John
Wiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,[phone],fax[phone],
oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbest
effortsinpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttothe
accuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimplied
warrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedor
extendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontained
hereinmaynotbesuitableforyoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhere
appropriate.Neitherthepublishernorauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyother
commercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,
orotherdamages.
Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,please
contactourCustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outside
theUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsin
printmaynotbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,
visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com.
WileyBicentennialLogo:RichardJ.Pacifico.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Radosevich,StevenR.
Ecologyofweedsandinvasiveplants:relationshiptoagricultureandnaturalresourcemanagement/
StevenR.Radosevich,JodieS.Holt,ClaudioM.Ghersa.—3rded.
p.cm.
Rev.ed.of:Weedecology/StevenRadosevich,JodieHolt,ClaudioGhersa.1997.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-471-76779-4(cloth)
1. Weeds—Ecology. 2. Weeds—Control. I. Holt,JodieS.
II. Ghersa,Claudio. III. Radosevich,StevenR.Weedecology. IV. Title.
SB611.R332007
6320.5—dc22
2007001705
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE xv
BURDOCK byCharles Goodrich xvii
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1: Weeds and Invasive Plants 3
Weeds, 4
Definitions, 6
Agrestals, 6
Invasive Plants, 9
Terminology, 10
Classification Systems of Weeds andInvasive Plants, 11
Taxonomic Classification, 11
Classification byLife History, 13
Classification byHabitat, 14
Physiological Classification, 15
Classification According to Undesirability, 16
Ecological Classification, 16
Classification byEvolutionaryStrategy, 17
Weeds and Invasive Plants in ProductionSystems, 20
Weeds onAgricultural Land, 20
Reasons for Weed Control, 21
Weeds inManaged Forests, 24
Forest Regeneration, 25
v
vi CONTENTS
Weeds in Rangelands, 26
Original Vegetation and Early Land Use History of
Great Basin, 28
Introduction of Cheatgrass andFire, 28
Invasive Plants in Less Managed Habitats and Wildlands, 30
Local versus Regional Perspectives about Weeds, 30
Weeds in Regional andGlobal Context, 31
Summary, 32
Chapter 2: Principles 35
Ecological Principles, 35
Interrelationshipof Biology and Environment, 35
Environment, 36
Scale, 38
Scale in Ecological Systems, 39
Scale in Human Production Systems, 43
Community Differentiation and Boundaries, 46
Community Structure, 47
Succession, 49
Mechanisms of Succession, 50
Succession inProductionSystems, 52
Niche Differentiation, 54
Invasion Process, 56
Introduction Phase, 57
Colonization Phase, 59
NaturalizationPhase, 62
Genetics of Weeds and Invasive Plants, 62
Fitness andSelection, 63
Patternsof Evolutionary Development of Weeds and
Invasive Plants, 63
Plant Demographyand Population Dynamics, 67
Management Principles, 69
Assessing Risk from Weeds and Invasive Plants, 69
ManagementPrioritiesBased onRisk andValue, 71
Market-DrivenManagement Considerations, 73
Cost–Benefit Analysis, 73
Assessing Economic Risk, 74
Management Options in Relation to Invasion Process, 76
Social Principles, 77
Societal Aims versus Individual Objectives, 78
Social Conflict andResolution, 79
Precautionary Principle, 79
Weed andInvasive Plant Management in Modern Society, 80
Summary, 81
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 3: Invasibilityof Agricultural and Natural Ecosystems 83
Plant Invasions over Large Geographical Areas, 84
Habitat Invasibility, 86
Community Invasibility, 87
Local Invasions, 87
Safe Sites, 88
Safe SiteExample, 89
Factors That Influence Invasibility, 89
Evolutionary History, 89
Community Structure, 90
Role of Plant Size in Species Dominance and Richness, 92
Propagule Pressure, 93
Relationship of Propagule Pressure toInvasion Process, 93
Relationship of Dispersal to PropagulePressure, 94
Relationship of Human and Animal Transportto Propagule Pressure, 94
Relationship of Seed Banks to Propagule Pressure, 95
Disturbance, 95
Disturbance and Land Use, 96
Relationship of Disturbance and Succession, 97
Relationship of Stress andDisturbance, 98
Invasibility andExotic Plant Invasiveness, 99
Summary, 101
Chapter 4: Evolution of Weeds and Invasive Plants 103
Evolutionary Genetics of Weeds and Invasive Plants, 104
Heritable Genetic Variation, 105
Hybridization and Polyploidy, 105
Epistatic Genetic Variance, 109
Epigenetic Inheritance Systems, 110
Adaptation Following Introduction, 111
Responses toEnvironmental Gradients, 112
Selection in Barnyardgrass, 112
Selection in St. Johnswort, 113
Responses toResidentPlant Species, 113
Release from Pests, Predation, and Herbivores, 114
Breeding Systems of Weeds andInvasive Plants, 114
Sexual Reproduction, 115
Self-Pollination versus Outcrossing, 115
Founder Effects, 117
Exceptions to Baker’s Rule, 117
Asexual Reproduction, 117
Advantages of Asexual Reproduction inWeeds, 118