Ecology of marine bivalves : an ecosystem approach

274 Pages·2012·17.145 MB·English

by  Richard F Dame

Biological Sciences
Second Ecology of
Edition
Ecology of
Marine Bivalves Marine Bivalves
D
An Ecosystem Approach
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Second Edition m
An Ecosystem Approach
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Praise for the First Edition
“This is a well-produced book and Richard Dame has adequately reviewed marine bivalve E
ecology research…. I recommend the book as essential reading to anyone with a keen
c
research interest in the ecology of marine bivalves.
—D. J. Wildish, Limnology and Oceanography o Second
Bivalve mollusks are roughly hand-sized animals that can aggregate into large groups of l
o Edition
millions of individuals as reefs—pumping and filtering enough water in short periods of
time to control the processes on the reef and adjacent tidal waters—and serve as valuable g
indicators and monitors of ecosystem health. Ecology of Marine Bivalves: An Ecosystems
y
Approach, Second Edition examines the ecology of bivalves from an ecosystem or holistic
view, taking into consideration their history, thermodynamics, components, and interactions
o
with other species—namely humans.
f
With the advent of the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) in the year

2000, its emphasis for utilizing the ecosystem approach as a standard guideline, and the M
growing interest in global climate change, this edition has been expanded to include:
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• A new chapter on shell rings, which emphasizes the importance of interaction between
disciplines so that we might learn from the past in order to plan for the future r
• Scientific work done on several continents, including case studies from the i
n
Chesapeake Bay, the Wadden Sea, and other case studies from Europe and New
Zealand e
• Additional material on non-equilibrium thermodynamics, complexity theory, and other

cross-disciplinary interactions B
This book discusses the roles of marine bivalves as a keystone species and as ecosystem
i
engineers, and explains how bivalves are used as monitors and indicators of ecosystem v
stress and as a fisheries resource. Utilizing case studies and targeted published research to
a
develop narratives suitable for a complex systems approach, the second edition of Ecology
of Marine Bivalves is invaluable to scientists and marine workers interested in an up-to-date l
v
treatment of mollusks in our seas.
e
Richard F. Dame
s
K11779
K11779_Cover.indd 1 10/3/11 10:49 AM
Ecology of
Marine Bivalves
An Ecosystem Approach
Second Edition

Ecology of
Marine Bivalves
An Ecosystem Approach
Second Edition
Richard F. Dame
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 2011922
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction...........................................................................................1
Historical/Geological.Setting................................................................1
Ecosystems............................................................................................4
Thermodynamics.and.Ecosystems.............................................5
Structural.Properties......................................................8
Ecosystem.Processes.and.Biodiversity........................11
Feedback......................................................................13
Multiple.or.Alternate.States.........................................14
Scaling.........................................................................17
System.Types...............................................................18
Book.Organization....................................................................19
References...........................................................................................19
Chapter 2 Historical.Ecology.of.Bivalves............................................................23
Introduction.........................................................................................23
Natural.Reefs.and.Human.Constructs......................................24
Case.Study:.The.Oyster.Shell.Rings.........................................27
Interpreting.Shell.Rings.through.Time.....................................27
Comparing.Past.to.Present.Systems.........................................32
Clues.from.History...................................................................37
References...........................................................................................38
Chapter 3 Physical.Environmental.Interactions...................................................43
Introduction.........................................................................................43
Temperature.........................................................................................44
Salinity................................................................................................48
Temperature–Salinity.and.Other.Factor.Combinations.......................50
Acid ification........................................................................................51
Water.Flow..........................................................................................51
Tides....................................................................................................56
Sediments............................................................................................57
References...........................................................................................58
Chapter 4 Organismic.Scale.Processes................................................................63
Introduction.........................................................................................63
Feeding................................................................................................66
v
vi Contents
Suspension-Feeding............................................................................66
The.Bivalve.Filter.and.Pump....................................................66
Filtration.and.Particle.Quality..................................................70
Larviphagy..........................................................................................73
Dissolved.Organic.Matter.(DOM)............................................73
Filtration.and.Particle.Size.......................................................74
Clearance.Rate.Models.............................................................74
Deposit.Feeding...................................................................................78
Microbial.Stripping..................................................................79
Cellulase.Activity.and.Detritus.Feeding...................................79
Particle.Selection......................................................................79
Proportion.of.Foods..................................................................80
Optimal.Foraging.for.Food.in.the.Sediments...........................80
Shipworms...........................................................................................81
Symbiotic.Nutrition.............................................................................82
Photoautotrophic.Symbioses....................................................82
Chemoautotrophic.Symbioses.............................................................85
Production.(P)...........................................................................88
Production.Due.to.Growth.(P ).................................................88
g
Growth.Measurement..................................................89
Shell.Growth.............................................................................89
Longevity..................................................................................91
Production.Due.to.Reproduction.(P).......................................92
r
Growth.Models.........................................................................92
Respiration.(R).........................................................................93
Kleiber’s.Law...........................................................................95
Excretion...................................................................................98
References...........................................................................................99
Chapter 5 Population.Processes.........................................................................109
Introduction.......................................................................................109
Life.Cycle..........................................................................................109
Statistical.Measures.of.Populations...................................................110
Density..............................................................................................110
Reproduction.....................................................................................111

Population.Growth............................................................................113
Bivalves.as.Open.or.Metapopulations...............................................115
Life.and.Fecundity.Tables.................................................................116
Mortality............................................................................................119
Abiotic.Mortality...............................................................................119
Predation............................................................................................120
Competition-Induced.Mortality.........................................................127
Aggregated.Distributions...................................................................128
Zonation............................................................................................130
Diseases.and.Parasites.......................................................................131
Contents vii
Population.Energy.Budgets...............................................................134
References.........................................................................................136
Chapter 6 Ecosystem.Grazing...........................................................................143
Introduction.......................................................................................143
Grazing.Theory.as.Applied.to.Bivalves.............................................144
Conceptualizing.Grazing...................................................................145
The.Classical.Population.Dynamics.Approach......................145
The.Turnover.Time/Turnover.Rate.Approach.........................148
Turnover.Time...........................................................148
Carrying.Capacity.....................................................148
Water.Residence.Time............................................................149
Primary.Production.Time.......................................................149
Bivalve.Clearance.Time..........................................................149
Methods.Used.to.Estimate.System.Grazing......................................150
Upstream–Downstream.Observations...............................................150
Free-Flow.Designs..................................................................150
Laboratory.Flumes............................................................................151
Field.Flumes...........................................................................153
Tunnels....................................................................................153
Revised.List.of.Bivalve-Dominated.Ecosystems.Used.to.
Compare.Grazing.and.Other.Characteristics..........................157
Chesapeake.Bay,.Virginia,.and.Maryland...............................157
Delaware.Bay,.Delaware........................................................157
Bay.of.Marennes-Oléron,.France...........................................157
Narragansett.Bay,.Rhode.Island.............................................158
North.Inlet,.South.Carolina....................................................158
Oosterschelde.Estuary,.The.Netherlands................................159
Ria.de.Arosa,.Spain................................................................159
San.Francisco.Bay,.California................................................160
Sylt,.Eastern.Wadden.Sea,.Germany......................................161
Western.Wadden.Sea,.The.Netherlands..................................161
Ecosystem.Comparisons...................................................................162
A.Mini.Case.Study.................................................................167
References.........................................................................................169

Chapter 7 Ecosystem.Metabolism.and.Nutrient.Cycling...................................175
Introduction.......................................................................................175
Methods.for.Measuring.System.Metabolism.........................176
Chamber.Measurements.........................................................176
Free-Flow.Measurements.......................................................177
Tunnel.Studies........................................................................178
Nutrient.Cycling................................................................................178
Theoretical.Background.........................................................179
viii Contents
Nutrient.Cycles.......................................................................181
Carbon.....................................................................................181
Nitrogen..................................................................................188
Phosphorus.............................................................................195
Silicon....................................................................................197
System.Nutrient.Turnover......................................................198
Coupling.Metabolism.and.Nutrients......................................199
Conclusions.......................................................................................199
The.Case.of.the.Missing.Nitrogen.....................................................200
References.........................................................................................202
Chapter 8 Ecosystem.Experiments....................................................................207
Introduction.......................................................................................207
Models...............................................................................................209
System.Simulation.Models.....................................................210
SMOES:.Simulation.Model.Oosterschelde.
Ecosystem..................................................210
Model.Formulation............................................................................210
Model.Analysis..................................................................................213
Chesapeake.Bay.Ecosystem.Model.and.Oysters....................220
Ecosystem.Field.Experiments...........................................................224
Incidental.Ecosystem.Scale.Experiments...............................225
Designed.Ecosystem.Scale.Experiments................................227
Case.Study.........................................................................................227
Comparison.of.Coastal,.Estuarine,.and.Marine.
Ecosystems.Dominated.by.Bivalve.Suspension-
Feeders......................................................................230
References.........................................................................................230
Chapter 9 Ecosystem.Health,.Restoration,.and.Services...................................235
Introduction.......................................................................................235
Ecosystem.Services................................................................235
Bivalves.as.Components.of.Ecosystem.Health......................235
Bivalves.as.Monitors..............................................................237

Bivalves.as.Integrators............................................................239
Bivalve.Responses.............................................................................240
Shell.Movements....................................................................241
Mortality.................................................................................242
Shell.and.Tissue.Growth.........................................................243
Bivalve.Scope.for.Growth.(SFG)...........................................243
Systems.Measures.............................................................................246
Ecosystem.Services...........................................................................247
System.Valuation....................................................................248
Invasions.by.Bivalves.............................................................249
Contents ix
Biodiversity.......................................................................................249
Biodiversity.and.Ecosystem.Productivity...............................249
Invasion,.Extinction,.and.Biodiversity....................................250
A.Case.Study:.The.Wadden.Sea.and.the.Invasion.of.
. Crassostrea gigas...................................................................252
Biology.of.Crassostrea gigas.................................................253
The.Spread.of.Crassostrea gigas............................................253
Reef.Building..........................................................................253
Invaders.and.their.Ecosystems................................................254
Contributors.to.Successful.Environments..............................254
Positive.Implications.of.Crassostrea gigas............................255
Climate.Change—Possible.Effects.........................................255
Conclusion.........................................................................................257
References.........................................................................................258