Ecology of Insular Southeast Asia: The Indonesian Archipelago

569 Pages·2006·24.76 MB·English

by  Friedhelm Goltenboth

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Ecology of Insular

Southeast Asia

THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO
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Illustrations by
Rolito M. Dumalag
Hilongos, Leyte, Philippines
Desktop publishing by
Elvira Bulawan-Gorre
Leyte State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines
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Ecology of Insular

Southeast Asia

THE INDONESIAN ARCHIPELAGO
Edited by
Prof. Dr. Friedhelm Göltenboth, Biologist

University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany

Dr. Kris H. Timotius, Biologist

Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga, Indonesia

Dr. Paciencia Po Milan, Biologist

Leyte State University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines

Dr. Josef Margraf, Biologist

Jinghong, Yunnan, PR China

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford

Paris • San Diego • San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo
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Elsevier
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First edition 2006
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06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
PREFACE vii
16 Tropical Lowland Evergreen
Rainforests 297

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
17 Special Forest Ecosystems 385

18 Mountain Forests 401

I INTRODUCTION
F. GÖLTENBOTH & W. ERDELEN V AGROECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN

1 Geography and Geology 3
ECOLOGY

2 Climate 17
19 Ecology of Rice Fields and Other

Land Use Systems 417

II AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS F.GÖLTENBOTH, W. KOCH & J. SAUERBORN
Marine Ecosystems 20 Social Ecology 465

F.GÖLTENBOTH, S. SCHOPPE & P. WIDMANN F. GÖLTENBOTH
3 Seagrass Beds 31

4 Coral Reefs 47

5 Open Oceans 71
GLOSSARY 501

6 Deep Sea 85
F. GÖLTENBOTH
Freshwater Ecosystems
F. GÖLTENBOTH & P. LEHMUSLUOTO BIBLIOGRAPHY 520

7 Lakes 95
F. GÖLTENBOTH
8 Rivers 139

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 541

III ECOTONES AND SPECIAL
F. GÖLTENBOTH
ECOSYSTEMS

9 Shore and Tidal Flats 171
CONVERSION FACTORS 543

F.GÖLTENBOTH, S. SCHOPPE & P. WIDMANN F. GÖLTENBOTH
10 Mangroves 187

F.GÖLTENBOTH & S. SCHOPPE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS OF

11 Estuaries and Soft Bottom Shores 215
MEASUREMENTS, OR SI 544

F.GÖLTENBOTH & S. SCHOPPE F. GÖLTENBOTH
12 Caves 229

F. GÖLTENBOTH GEOLOGICAL TIME TABLE AND

13 Small Islands Ecology 239
SYSTEMATICS 546

F. GÖLTENBOTH F. GÖLTENBOTH & P. WIDMANN
14 Grasslands and Savannas 267

F.GÖLTENBOTH & P. WIDMANN INDEX 550

IV FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
F.GÖLTENBOTH, G. LANGENBERGER & P. WIDMANN
15 Beach Forests 281

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Preface
The Tropical Ecology of South East Asia- The major areas of Indonesia. These books compiled
Indonesian Archipealago is designed to be a teaching during the 1980s and 1990s the information available
tool. Above all we see the workings of natural from various places and various publications and
selection in the form and function of every living thing pushed forward the interest in the ecology of the
and we do know that the majority of primary production Indonesian Archipelago, one of the most diverse,
on this globe takes place in the tropical ecosystems. complex and extremely interesting biogeographical
Each dicipline has also its own history- also regions of the world.
Tropical Ecology. While in the 1970s only a few
SUBTROPICAL AND TEMPERATE CLIMATE TROPICAL CLIMATE
LESS THAN 0.5 - 3.0 3 -10 10 -25 0.5 - 3.0 LESS THAN
0.5 1.0
DESSERT GRASSLAND, DEEP LAKES, MOUNTAIN FORESTS, TROPICAL RAINFOREST, RICEFIELDS, CORAL REEF DEEP
AGRICULTURE SHALLOW LAKES MANGROVES SEA
Figure 1. Distribution of global primary production as annual production in 1,000 kj/m2 (after Odum, 1963).
books were available concerning tropical ecology, Environmental awareness has penetrated so far
none was in existence specifically for the Indonesian both the minds of the interested layman , university
Archipelago. This lack of information for the curricula and government policy. An understanding
interested scientific community changed when the of the components of ecosystems and the manner in
Environmental Management Development in which they interact is central to studying the
Indonesia Project (EMDI) started to publish the environment and to conduct sound resource
series of special books concerning the ecology of the management (Dardak, 1984 in Whitten et al., 1984).
vii
In writing a textbook about The Ecology of South EMID books. There is a severe paucity of any
East Asia - specifically the Indonesian Archipelago suitable textbook to complement lectures , seminars
we had the following objectives in mind: and laboratory sessions at the university and college
1. To provide an up-to-date textbook cover­ level. This fact is unfortunate given the enourmous
ing the major concepts of basic ecology at needs for more information for a better understanding
the undergraduate level because the better of the ecological and environmental laws, principles
of the existing books are too large or specific and interactions to avoid unnecessary environmental
for many undergraduate courses. stress in an archipelago under rapid development.
2. To illustrate the principles of basic ecology This textbook will be useful to teachers of the
mainly with examples of tropical organisms classes in the subject matter and their students , and
and tropical ecosystems found in the Indo­ also to working ecologists who would like to gain an
nesian archipelago. overview about insular ecology of the vast Indonesian
3. To give a broad view of the natural systems, Archipelago.
applied and human ecology of one of the Readers who have not experienced any basic
most outstanding biogeographical regions of introductory classes in biology or ecology may
the world. consult the book´s glossary to understand the
The environmental impact of rapid cultural specialized terminology that is sometimes used.
changes in the Indonesian archipelago can only be Finally , we do hope that this book will encourage
fully understood in an ecological context. In scanning environmental awareness and provide sufficient
the available literature it was found that more recent stimulation to stem the decline of living quality caused
ecological literature on tropical issues of the Indonesian by unnecessary environmental destruction throughout
archipelago are very rare with the exception of the the Indonesian Archipelago.
FRIEDHELM GÖLTENBOTH
University of Hohenheim
Stuttgart, Germany
viii
Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the following friends and
colleagues who reviewed draft chapters or were
even involved in drafting paragraphs and figures of
various chapters: Prof. Dr. Walter Erdelen for
reviewing all the major chapters of the book, and
giving substantial comments to make the book more
readable and pleasing; Prof. Dr. Gernot Bretschko
and Dr. Pasi Lehmusluoto for their comments
concerning the river and lake chapters; Dr. Sabine
Schoppe for proof reading and correcting particularly
the chapters dealing with marine ecosystems;
Prof. Dr. Andreas Schulte, Prof. Dr. Albert Reiff
and Dr. Gerhard Langenberger for their profound
screening of the chapters dealing with forests; and
the late Prof. Dr. Werner Koch and Prof. Dr.
Joachim Sauerborn for their substantial support in
reviewing the chapters of agro-ecological content
and human ecology.
There is no doubt that the book has been
markedly improved by their comments and inputs.
Any remaining mistake or heresies are probably
where we ignored their advice.
Our very special thanks go to: Peter Widmann,
MSc for his substantial contribution to many chapters;
Rolito M. Dumalag a freelance scientific artist
illustrator of Hilongos, Leyte, Philippines, who made
all the figures illustrating in an excellent manner the
various aspects of tropical ecology of South East
Asia and the basic principles of general ecology; and
to Elvira B. Bulawan-Gorre of the Leyte State
University, Visca, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines who
professionally produced the desktop version of this
publication.
Partial financial support during the first time of
writing came from the ViSCA-GTZ Applied Tropical
Ecology Project which is gratefully acknowledged.
If any readers have comments or criticisms of
the material or approach used in this book, we would
be most grateful if you would communicate your
ideas and suggestions to us.
THE EDITORS
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