Ecology of Grasslands and Bamboolands in the World PDF
Preview Ecology of Grasslands and Bamboolands in the World
Ecology of Grasslands and Bamboolands in the World Ecology of Grasslands and Bamboolands in theWo rld Edited by Professor Dr. Makoto Numata, ChibajJapan in collaboration with 15 scientists With 102 Figures and 58 Tables Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers The Hague-Boston-London 1979 First edition All rights reserved © VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, 1979 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1979 Licence Nr. 261700/167/79 coedition by Dr. W. Junk b. v. Publishers, The Hague ISBN-13: 978-94-009-9187-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-9185-9 001: 10.\007/978-94-009-9185-9 Contributors Burgos, J. J. Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Calderon, Cleofe E. Department of Botany, Smithonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560, USA Coaldrake, J. E. CSIRO, Director A. A. Heath & Partners, 131 Leichhardt Street, Brisbane, Queens land, Australia 4000 Coupland, R. T. Department of Plant Ecology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N OWO Hayashi, Ichiroku Kogen Experiment Centre, Tsukuba University, Sugadaira, Sanada-machi, Nagano Pref., Japan Innis, George S. Department of Wildlife Science, Utah, State University Logan, Utah 84322, USA Iwaki, Hideo Biological Sciences, Tsukuba University, Sakura-mura, Ibaraki Pref., Japan Kawanabe, Sukeo Tropical Agricultural Center, Yatabe-machi, Ibaraki Pref., Japan Knapp, Rii.diger Botanical Institute, University Giellen, Federal Republic of Germany, Senckenberg Str.17-25 Numata, Makoto Labor. of Ecol., Fac. Sci., Chiba University, Yayoi-cho, Chiba, Japan Papadakis, J. Cordoba 4564, Buenos Aires, Argentina Sochava, Victort Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East, Academy of Sciences of USSR, Siberian Department, Kievskaya 1, Irkoutsk-3, USSR Soderstrom, Thomas S. Department of Botany, Smithonian Institution, Washington D.C. 20560, USA Soriano, A. Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria, Univ. de Buenos Aires, Av. San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina Valencia, Rafael F. J. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Wyk van, J. J. P. Dept. of Biology, Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana 59101, USA Preface In 1967 and again in 1970 and 1977 I consulted in Tokyo with Mrs. Schluter of VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, about the plan for a new book on the ecology of the world's grasslands and bamboolands. Upon being requested to be the editor of this new publication, two important books on the subject immediately came to mind, a famous classic by J. W. Bews on "The World's Grasses" (1929) and a new book "Grasses and Grasslands" edited by C. Barnard (1964). At the same time, the Inter national Biological Program had begun, and I became responsible for the Japanese Grassland Project under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Education. I personally conducted the field study and synthesis on Japanese semi-natural grasslands the results of which were published as "Ecological studies in Japanese Grasslands with Special Reference to the IBP Area-Productivity of Terrestrial Communities" (JIBP Synthesis Vol. 13, University of Tokyo Press, 1975). During this period, two books on grassland ecology were published in Japanese, and International Synthesis Volumes are in preparation for publication by the Cambridge University Press, including two volumes on grasslands. In relation to grassland productivity studies, I attended the Second Meeting of the PT Grassland Working Group of IBP held at Saskatoon and Matador, Canada, in 1969 (the proceedings entitled "Grassland Ecosystems· Reviews of Research" edited by R. T. Coupland and G. M. Van Dyne, 1970), and a synthesis meeting at Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. in 1972. The plan of our new book was set at the beginning of 1971, and the publisher wrote to the authors of each chapter requesting that they begin to prepare their manu scripts. However, during the course of the work, there were some changes in the authors from those originally planned. Dr. F. A. McClure of the Smithonian Institu tion unfortunately passed away and Dr. T. R. Soderstrom agreed to write a chapter on bamboos. It was difficult to find a suitable author to write on European grasslands, however Prof. R. Knapp eventually accepted this role. A chapter on simulation models of grasslands was added later. At long last, this book has been published. In it, grasslands are noted as seral stages in moist areas and as climax in dry areas. Some of them are left as they are and not utilized while at the same time, many are used for grazing, mowing, etc. Such grasslands are an object of study in animal ecology and ecosystems, however the contents of this book are treated mainly from the standpoint of plant ecology to avoid overlapping the work of the IBP. Bamboos as giant grasses are included as a characteristic of the book. Though some tundra vegetations resemble grasslands, tundra is not included in this book. There are numerous books on grasses and grass lands written from the standpoint of agriculture, but very few are concerned with ecological aspects. This book is aimed at an orthodox plant ecological view of the grasslands and bamboolands of the world. Chiba/Japan Makoto Numata Contents Preface .... 7 I. Introduction 11 II. Climate and Soil 1. Climate and Soils in the Grassland Areas of North America. By R. T. Coupland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. Climate and Soils of Pasture Regions in South America. By J. J. Burgos and R. F. J. Valencia. . . 20 3. Climate and Soils in Asian Grassland Areas. By M. Numata. . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4. Climate and Soils of the Grassland Distribution Area in the USSR. By V. Sochav a. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 43 5. Climate and Soils of Grassland Areas in Europe. By R. Knapp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6. Climates and Soils of Grassland Areas in Africa. By J. Papadakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7. Climates and Soils of Australasia in Relation to Grasslands. By J. E. Coaldrake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ID. Grasses and Grasslands 1. Distribution of Grasses and Grasslands of North America. By R. T. Coupland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 2. Distribution of Grasses and Grasslands of South America. By R. Soriano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3. Distribution of Grasses and Grasslands in Asia. By M. Numata. . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4. Distribution of Grasslands in the USSR. By V. Sochava . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5. Distribution of Grasses and Grasslands in Europe. By R. Knapp .............. . III 6. A General Account of the Grass Cover of Mrica. By J. J. P. van Wyk . . . . . . . . 124 7. The Natural Grassland!' of Australasia. By J. E. Coaldrake . . . . . . . . . 133 IV. Ecology, Phytosociology and Productivity of Grasses and Grasslands 1. The Autecology of Some Grassland Species. By I. Hayashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10 Contents 2. The Pattern of Temperature Response and Its Ecological Significance. By S. Ka"\>anabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3. Phytosociological Classification of Grassland Vegetation. By R. Knapp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 4. The Structure and Succession of Grassland Vegetation. By M. Numata. . . . . . 182 5. Productivity of Grasslands. By H. Iwaki. . . . . . . 197 6. Simulation Models of Grasslands and Grazing Lands. By G. S. Innis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 V. Ecology and Phytosociology of Bamboo Vegetation 1. Distribution and Environment of the Bambusoideae. By Th. R. Soderstrom and C1. E. Calderon. . . 223 2. Structure and Succession of Bamboo Vegetation. By M. Numata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 3. The Relationship of Limiting Factors to the Distribution and Growth of Bamboo. By M. Numata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Subject Index 277 Taxonomic Index 285 I. Introduction M. Numata There are many publications on management, use, improvement, maintenance, etc. of pastures and meadows as the sites of animal husbandry. Grassland is a kind of plant formation, biome, or ecosystem from the viewpoint of physiognomy, including climax grasslands under grassland climate and seral grasslands under forest climate. Grasslands in a wide sense include grasslands in a narrow sense, herblands, forblands, savannas, etc. (Penfound, 1967). Such grasslands in a wide sense are classified into many subdivisions from various standpoints as follows (Numata, 1969): 1) Grasslands as a botanical term 1.1) Local names: prairie, plain, steppe, pampa, campo, llano, savanna, veld, etc. 1.2) Referring to moisture conditions: mesophytic-, hygrophytic-, aquatic-, xerophytic grasslands, etc. 1.3) Referring to salinity: fresh water-, salt water-, brackish water-(estuary-), coastal grasslands, etc. 1.4) Referring to substrata: loamy soil-, sandy soil-, gravelly soil-, peat grasslands, etc. including rocky desert, coastal desert, etc. 1.5) Referring to plant succession: pioneer-, seral-, and climax grasslands. 1.6) Referring to physiognomy and floristic composition: grassland in a narrow sense, forbland, herbland, Staudenfluren, bambooland, dwarf bambooland, sedgel and, rushland, vineland, savanna, etc. 1.7) Referring to duration of life: annual-, perennial-, deciduous-, evergreen grasslands, etc. 1.8) Referring to height: high grass-(tall grass-), medium-height grass-(mid grass-), and short grass grasslands 1.9) Referring to altitude and geomorphology: lowland-, mountain-, highland-, alpine-, summit-, leeward-, windward grasslands, snow-patch carpet, alpine mat, etc. 2) Grasslands as an agricultural term 2.1) Administrative term: artificial-, natural-(wild-), improved grasslands, etc. 2.2) Referring to existence of biotic factors: natural-, semi-natural, and sown grasslands 2.3) Referring to a kind of biotic factor: meadow (mown grassland), pasture (grazed grassland), abandoned field (old field), grasslands for thatching, etc. 2.4) Referring to degree of management: extensive-(range), improved-, intensive grasslands, etc. 2.5) Referring to soil fertility: fertile-, sterile-, barren grasslands, etc. According to Ellenberg and Mueller-Dombois (1967), terrestrial (mainly meso phytic) herbaceous communities are classified as follows: A. Savannas and related grasslands 1. Mainly flat-leaved savannas a. Woodland savanna b. Tree savanna c. Scrub savanna d. Grass savanna e_ Flood savanna 12 Introduction 2. Mainly narrow-leaved savannas a. Tree savanna b. Scrub savanna c. Grass savanna B. Steppes· and related grasslands 1. Tall grass steppes a. Tall grass steppe with trees b. Tall grass steppe with shrubs c. Tall grass steppe without woody plants 2. Mid grass steppes Subdivisions as in 1. 3. Short grass steppes Subdivisions as in 1; furthermore, d. Short grass steppe with suffrutescent plants 4. Forb-rich steppes Subdivisions as in 1. C. Meadows and pastures or related grasslands 1. Meadows and pastures below tree line a. Woodland pasture b. Tree meadow (or pasture) c. Scrub pasture (or meadow) d. Grassy pasture without trees or shrubs (1) Extensively grazed (Triftweide, not fertilized) (2) Intensively grazed (Standweide or Umtriebsweide, fertilized) e. Grassy meadow without trees or shrubs (1) Litter meadow (Streuwiese, generally not fertilized) (2) Hay meadow (Futterwiese, generally fertilized) f. Sedge-rush meadow g. Avalanche grassland 2. Pastures and meadows above mountain tree line a. Closed alpine (or subpolar) mat b. Alpine (or subnival) mat-patches c. Snow bed formation D. Forb vegetation 1. Mainly perennial forb communities 8. Forest margin herb formation b. Tall forb (Hochstauden) formation c. Bracken thicket (or heath) d. Perennial forb formation on organic deposits at the flood lines e. Perennial ruderal and clearing herb formation f. Mcinly perennial weed formation on cultivated land 2. Mainly ephemeral forb communities a. Tropical or subtropical ephemeral cloud desert formation b. Ephemeral halophytic formation c. Ephemeral ruderal and clearing forb formation d. Mainly ephemeral weed formation on cultivated land 3. Episodical forb communities &. Episodical desert forb formation (flowering desert) b. Episodical formation on pond muds and similar sites c. Episodical forb formation on organic deposits at the flood lines d. Episodical river bed formation Introduction 13 The term "grassland" is a general name of plant formation as mentioned above, but "pasture" and "meadow" are special types of grassland used for grazing and mowing. In this book, grassland in general, or pasture and meadow will be discussed from the ecological viewpoint. Such a direction has been found only in Bews (1929), Ellen berg (1952), Barnard (1964), etc. We shall try a new approach to the worldwide grasslands. Moreover, the bamboolands are added to the grasslands in this book. Bamboos are giant grasses distributed in limited areas in tropical and temperate regions. Dwarf bamboos (sasa in Japanese) are included in the grassland in a narrow sense, but only tall bamboos (take in Japanese) are treated in the chapters of bamboolands. The editor believes that this is the first book on grasslands and bamboolands from a truely ecological point of view, and acts as a textbook of grassland ecology. References Barnard, C. (Ed.) 1964. Grasses and Grasslands. London. Bews, J. W. 1929. The World's Grasses. Their Differentiation, Distribution, Economics and Ecology. London. Ellenberg, H. 1952. Wiesen und Weiden und ihre standiirtliche Bewertung. Stuttgart. -, and D. Mueller·Dombois. 1967. Tentative physiognomic·ecological classification of plant forma tions of the earth. Ber. geobot. Inst. ETH, Stiftg. Rubel, ZUrich 37: 21-55. Numata, M. 1969. A proposal to the study on productivity and conservation of grassland ecosystems. Chiba. - (Ed.) 1968. Studies on Productivity and Conservation of Grassland Ecosystems. Chiba. Penfouncl, W. T. 1967. A physiognomic classification of vegetation in conterminous United States. Bot. Rev. 33: 259-326.
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