Ecology Of Fungi PDF
Preview Ecology Of Fungi
The Ecology of Fungi Author William Bridge Cooke Mycologist (Retired) Fungus Studies Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center Senior Research Associate Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio The Ecology of Fungi Author William Bridge Cooke Mycologist (Retired) Fungus Studies Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center Senior Research Associate Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business First published 1979 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1979 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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QK604.C637 589’.2’045 78-27812 ISBN 0-8493-5343-2 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 78027812 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89251-1 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07161-1 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE "Yet it should be remembered that if man does not control the chaos that he has contrived and fails to direct the course of his destiny, if man, through unheeding em- ployment to destructive ends of the tremendous, superhuman powers he has discovered and developed, should finally destroy himself, then the fungi unhindered and unheed- ing, will continue their many activities undisturbed and will remove the fragments of man's failure, the debris of his disaster and destruction, the remains and the wreckage of his recklessness until they obliterate all traces of man himself.'"222 Dr. W. H. Wes- ton was speaking from personal experience with many kinds of fungi performing many acts of deterioration, mostly of materials useful to man, and in use by man. Seventeen years earlier, B. O. Dodge,322 a well-known mycologist, specialist in fungus genetics, said: "The fungi, on the contrary, are progressive, ever changing and evolving rapidly in their own way, so that they are capable of becoming adapted to every condition of life. We may rest assured that as green plants and animals disappear one by one from the face of the earth, some of the fungi will always be present to dispose of the last remains." William B. Cooke THE AUTHOR William Bridge Cooke, Ph. D., is a Senior Research Associate in the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, and was formerly in charge of the Fungus Studies Laboratory, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Cen- ter, Cincinnati, Ohio, from which he has retired. Dr. Cooke graduated in 1937 from the University of Cincinnati with a B. A. degree in Botany. He obtained his M. S. in Mycology and Plant Pathology from Oregon State University, and his Ph. D. degree in Botany from Washington State University with emphasis on the ecology of the fungi. Dr. Cooke is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Ohio Academy of Science, and is a member of the Mycological Society of America (Chairman of the Foray Committee), the American Institute of Biological Sciences, the Botanical Society of America, the American Society for Plant Taxonomy, the California Botanical Society, the British Mycological Society, the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology, and the International Lichenological Soci- ety. Dr. Cooke has received the Superior Service Award of the United States Public Health Service and the Award for Excellence of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, United States Department of the Interior, and was elected to member- ship in the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society. He is Chairman of the Joint Task Group for the 15th and 16th editions of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. Dr. Cooke has published more than 175 papers on the taxonomy and ecology of fungi, and the relation of fungi to water pollution. He has also published catalogues of the flora and the fungi of Mount Shasta, and has listed the fungi of Lassen Volcanic National Park. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The undertaking of a review of a subject as broad as The Ecology of the Fungi has a number of pitfalls. A truism known to every researcher who tries to keep up with the literature is that for every paper published or every book written, there is research completed or in progress, known or unknown to the reader, which makes that paper or book, no matter how apparently far out when spoken or written, out of date. In addition, literature sources have proliferated to such an extent that it is not practical to be acquainted with the contents of every issue of every journal, with every book which may be related to one's subject area, or every journal the contents of which should be familiar to him. Without the help of correspondents who have sent the products of their research, editors who have allowed us to review current literature, and librarians who have al- lowed the perusal of literature in their care, much of the material in the following pages could not have been studied. At least two of the cited books may be out in revised editions by the time this man- uscript is published. Subject matter presented in series in journals has been used in part, which is not to say that the remaining parts should not have been used. Selection of materials has been the responsibility of the author. Others may have made different selections, used other emphases, or even deleted some of the subject areas considered here. For these inclusions or lapses there may be no excuse, and none is offered. Acknowledgment is made to the publishers and authors of books and papers from which figures and tables used in the text were obtained. The libraries of the Environ- mental Protection Agency Cincinnati Laboratories, the University of Cincinnati, the Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County, the Lloyd Library, and the Kan- anaskis Environmental Sciences Centre, were consulted and materials obtained from each. DEDICATION To my wife, Vivian, without whose help and forebearance this book could not have been written TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction 1 I. Historical 2 II. Classification and Taxonomy: Kingdom Fungi 3 III. Some Phylogenetic Implications 6 IV. Paleomycology 7 Chapter 2 Mycogeography 11 I. Introduction 11 II. Distribution Patterns 12 III. Mapping Schemes 14 IV. The Numbers of Fungi 17 Chapter 3 Genetics 19 I. Genetics, Sexuality, Variation 19 II. Terminology of Mating Systems 22 Chapter 4 Autecology and Synecology 25 I. Autecology 25 II. Synecology 26 III. Community Adjustments 32 Chapter 5 Physiology 35 I. Nutrient Requirements 35 II. Some Heavy Metal Relationships 37 III. Nutritional Groups of Soil Fungi 38 A. Based on Carbon Requirements 40 1. Sugar, Cellulose, Lignin, Humus, Hydrocarbons 40 B. Based on Nitrogen Requirements and Nutrition 40 IV. Effect of C to N Ratio on Fungus Growth 41 V. Oxygen Requirements 41 VI. Water Requirements 45 VII. Water in Fungus Spores 47 VIII. Certain Physical Factors in the Environment 47 A. Temperature 47 B. Pressure 48 C. Irradiation 48 D. Antibiotics and Inhibiting Substances 49 E. Biochemical Differentiation of Taxa 49 F. Serological Techniques 49 Chapter 6 The Organism 51 I. The Spore 51 A. Spore Dormancy 51 B. Spore Release 51 C. Spore Preservation and Longevity 53 D. Air Spora 53 E. Distribution in Soil 54 F. Survival After Freezing and Desiccation 54 G. Spore Dispersal 54 H. Dispersal in Water Habitats 55 I. Spore Size and Volume 56 J. Germination of the Spore 56 II. The Mycelium 58 A. Fine Structure of Cells 62 B. Translocation 63 C. Pigment Production 63 D. Melanin 64 E. Luminescence 64 F. Temperature Effects 64 G. Light 64 H. Amounts of Space Occupied 67 I. Nature of Food and Water Transporting Organs — Rhizomorphs ....67 J. Nature of Food Storage Organs — Sclerotia 68 III. The Fructification 69 A. Fruiting Habit 69 B. Adjusted Productivity 70 C. The Hypogaeous Fruiting Habit 71 D. Transpiration in Fleshy Fungi 71 E. Drought Resistance 71 F. Force 72 G. Size 72 H. Diurnalism and Day Length 72 I. Space Occupied 74 J. Types Produced 74 K. Spore Production 75 Chapter 7 Fungi in the Ecosystem 77 I. The Ecosystem (Including the Biocoenosis) 77 II. The Environmental Complex 77 III. The Concept "Environment" 78 IV. Fungi and Environmental Extremes 78 V. Fungal Adjustment to the Environment 78 VI. Temperature Adjustments 79 VII. Fairy Rings and Clans 79 VIII. Spore Slimes 80 IX. Osmophily 80 X. Saline Soil 81 XI. Mutualism and Antagonism in Forest Soils 81 XII. Pesticide Effects 81 XIII. Effect of or on Chemicals 82 Chapter 8 Total Ecosystem Vs. Individual Segments 85 I. Introduction 85 II. Yeasts 85 Chapter 9 Population Groups — Soil 93 I. Introduction 93 II. Decomposition of Organic Matter in Soils 96 III. Sand Dune Soils 96 IV. Soil Profile Studies 97 V. Mull and Mor Soils 97 VI. Forest Soils 98 VII. Coastal Grassland Soils 99 VIII. Agricultural Soils 100 IX. Northern, Arctic, and Antarctic Soils 100 X. Soil-Borne Plant Decomposition 104 XI. Plant Residue Decomposition 104 XII. Soil Pezizales 105 XIII. Pesticides in Soils 105 XIV. Useful Materials and Inhibitors 105 A. Cellophane 105 B. Chitin 106 C. Tannin 106 D. Copper 107 E. Serpentine Soils 107 XV. The Ecopedon 107 XVI. A Decomposition Model 107 XVII. Some General Considerations 108 Chapter 10 Population Groups — Litter 109 I. Introduction 109 II. Wood Litter 109 III. Forest Leaf Litter 110 IV. Broad-Leaved Litter Ill V. Root Litter 116 VI. Colonization of Dead Grass Culms 116 VII. Tundra Studies 118 VIII. The Use of Linear Regression Models 119 IX. Calcium Oxalate 119 X. Phylloplane, Phyllosphere, and Litter Surveys 120 XI. Burned Areas 120 XII. Ambrosia and Fras Fungi 121 XIII. Humus 121 XIV. Deterioration of Commodities 122 XV. Solid Wastes and Composting 126 XVI. Ensilage 127 XVII. Dung 128 Chapter 11 Population Groups — Water 129 I. Fresh Water Fungi 129 II. Marine Fungi 133 III. Sewage and Polluted Waters 135 A. Sewage Fungus 137
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