Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs, genus Salvelinus

344 Pages·2002·55.95 MB·English

by  Pierre Magnan, Céline Audet, Hélène Glémet, Michel Legault, Marco A. Rodríguez (auth.), Marco A. Rodríguez, Eric B. Taylor (eds.)

Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs
Developments of environmental biology of fishes 22
Series Editor
EUGENE K. BALON
Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the
charrs, genus Salvelinus
Guest Editors:
Pierre Magnan, Celine Audet, Helene Glemet, Michel Legault,
Marco A. Rodriguez & Eric B. Taylor
Reprinted from Environmental biology offishes, Volume 64 (1-3), 2002
with addition of species and subject index
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A C.LP. Catalogue record for tbis book is available from the library of Congress
ISBN 978-90-481-6088-4 ISBN 978-94-017-1352-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1352-8
Cover design by Eugene K. Balon
using drawing by Paul Vecsei of a posterior portion of lake charr,
Salvelinus namaycush, from the Great Bear Lake (see p. 138).
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2002
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2002
No P!U\ of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Prelude
Developments in the ecology, evolution, and behaviour of the charrs, genus Sa/velinus:
relevance for their management and conservation, by P. Magnan, C. Audet, H. Glemet,
M. Legault, M.A. Rodriguez & E.B. Taylor 9-14
Keynote
Charrs, glaciations and seasonal ice, by G. Power 17-35
Part 1. Ecological interactions and behaviour
Takvatn through 20 years: long-term effects of an experimental mass removal of Arctic charr,
Sa/ve/inus a/pinus, from a subarctic lake, by A. Klemetsen, P'-A. Amundsen, P.E. Grotnes,
R. Knudsen, R. Kristoffersen & M.-A. Svenning 39--47
Spatial and temporal variability in the diet of anadromous Arctic charr, Sa/ve/inus a/pinus,
in northern Labrador, by J.B. Dempson, M. Shears & M. Bloom 49-62
The relationship between spatial distribution and diet of Arctic charr, Sa/ve/inus a/pinus, in
Loch Ness, U.K., by I.J. Winfield, C.W. Bean & D.P. Hewitt 63-73
Growth and dietary niche in Sa/velinus a/pinus and Salvelinus tontina/is as revealed by
stable isotope analysis, by M. Power, G. Power, F. Caron, R.R. Doucett & K.R.A. Guiguer 75-85
Does the refuge availability influence the spawning behavior of mature male parr in
salmonids? A test in the Miyabe charr, by Y. Koseki, I. Koizumi, H. Kobayashi &
K. Maekawa 87-93
Part 2. Trophic polymorphism
Diversification, sympatric speCiation, and trophic polymorphism of Arctic charr, Salvelinus
a/pinus complex, in Transbaikalia, by S.S. Alekseyev, V.P. Samusenok, A.N. Matveev &
M.Yu. Pichugin 97-114
The biology of Arctic charr, Sa/ve/inus a/pinus, of Gander Lake, a large, deep, oligotrophic
lake in Newfoundland, Canada, by M.F. O'Connell & J.B. Dempson 115-126
Physiological performance of two forms of lacustrine brook charr, Sa/velinus fontinalis, in
the open-water habitat, by R. Proulx & P. Magnan 127-136
Part 3. Movements and migrations
Why do foraging stream salmonids move during summer? by C. Gowan & K.D. Fausch 139-153
Local movement as a measure of habitat quality in stream salmonids, by G. Belanger &
MA RodrIguez 155-164
Adaptations to stochastic environmental variations: the effects of seasonal temperatures
on the migratory window of Svalbard Arctic charr, by MA Svenning & N. Gullestad 165-174
Seasonal timing and die I activity of lacustrine brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, spawning
in a lake outlet, by M. Baril & P. Magnan 175-181
Part 4. Ecophysiology and evolutionary genetics
Seasonal changes in osmotic and ionic regulation in Arctic charr, Sa/ve/inus a/pinus, from
a high- and a sub-arctic anadromous population, by E.H. Jorgensen & A.M. Arnesen 185-193
The effect of acute stress and temperature on plasma cortisol and ion concentrations
and growth of Lake Inari Arctic charr, Sa/velinus a/pinus, by T. Lyytikainen, P. Pylkk6,
O. Ritola & P. Lindstr6m-Seppa 195-202
Phenotypic differences in buoyancy and energetics of lean and siscowet lake charr in Lake
Superior, by BA Henderson & D.M. Anderson 203-209
A sex-linked microsatellite locus isolated from the Y chromosome of lake charr, Salve/inus
namaycush, by J. Stein, K.M. Reed, C.C. Wilson & R.B. Phillips 211-216
Interspecific relationships among charrs based on phylogenetic analysis of nuclear growth
hormone intron sequences, by K.M. Westrich, N.R. Konkol, M.P. Matsuoka & R.B. Phillips 217-222
Characterization of charr chromosomes using fluorescence in situ hybridization, by
A.B. Phillips, M.P. Matsuoka & K.M. Reed 223-228
Physiological, endocrine, and genetic bases of anadromy in the brook charr, Sa/velinus
fontinalis, of the Laval River (Quebec, Canada), by D. Boula, V. Cast ric, L. Bernatchez &
C. Audet 229-242
Part 5. Ecological parasitology
A comparative study of Eubothrium sa/velin; and E crassum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
parasites of Arctic charr and brown trout in alpine lakes, by V. Hanzelova, T. Scholz,
D. Gerdeaux & A. Kuchta 245-256
Parasite-induced host mortality: indirect evidence from a long-term study, by A. Knudsen,
P.-A. Amundsen & A. Klemetsen 257-265
Part 6. Environmental stress and conservation
A comparison of Floy and soft Vlalpha tags on hatchery Arctic charr, with emphasiS on tag
retention, growth and survival, by A.H. Rikardsen, M. Woodgate & DA Thompson 269-273
The effect of Carlin tags on survival and growth of anadromous Arctic charr, Sa/velinus
a/pinus, by A. Strand, B. Finstad, A. Lamberg & T.G. Heggberget 275-280
Abundance, annual survival, and recruitment of unexploited and exploited lake charr,
Salvelinus namaycush, populations at the Experimental Lakes Area, northwestern
Ontario, by K.H. Mills, S.M. Chalanchuk & D.J. Allan 281-292
Biomass and production of lake charr during the acidification and pH recovery of a small
Ontario lake, by K.H. Mills, S.M. Chalanchuk & D.J. Allan 293-301
Assessment of the feasibility of preventing reproduction of lake charr, Sa/ve/inus namay-
cush, in shallow areas of reservoirs affected by drawdowns, by J. Benoit & M. Legault 303-311
The relevance of individual size to management of Arctic charr, Sa/velinus a/pinus, popula-
tions, by P.A. Jansen, A.G. Finstad & A. Langeland 313-320
Decline of the migratory form in bull charr, Salvelinus confluentus, and implications for
conservation, by M.L. Nelson, T.E. McMahon & R.F. Thurow 321-332
Factors affecting redd site selection, hatching, and emergence of brook charr, Salvelinus
fontinalis, in an artificially enhanced site, by I. Bernier-Bourgault & P. Magnan 333-341
Impact of the 1998 EI Nino event on a lake charr, Salve/inus namaycush, population recov-
ering from aCidification, by J.M. Gunn 343-351
Species and subject index 353-360
Prelude
Participants of the Fourth International Charr Symposium before the opening banquet during a six hour cruise
on the 81. Lawrence River. Photograph taken by 8atoshi Kitano.
The threatened aurora morph of the brook charr, Salve linus /ontinalis, from White Pine Lake in northern Ontario:
69 em fork length (FL) female (above) and 75.5 em male (see Balon 1993 in BioI. Cons. 66: 5-16,
and Balon 1995 in Env. BioI. Fish. 43: 107-108).
Environmental Biology of Fishes 64: 9-14, 2002.
© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Developments in the ecology, evolution, and behaviour of the charrs,
genus Salvelinus: relevance for their management and conservation
Pierre Magnan", Celine Audetb, Helene Glemeta, Michel Legault", Marco A. Rodriguez" & Eric B. Taylort
aDepanement de chimie-biologie, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, c.P. 500, Trois-Rivieres,
Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada (e-mail:
10
together all participants and allow them to attend every presentation. The opeIring keynote lecture was presented
by Geoffrey Power and invited speakers opened most of the topical sessions. A poster session was held in the main
mall of the Conference Center, and posters were kept in the mall for the duration of the Symposium, giving them
additional visibility. The Symposium was followed by a scientific excursion to James Bay, northern Quebec, which
attracted 45 participants.
The organisation of the fourth International Charr Symposium as well as the production of this special issue would
have not been possible without the enthusiasm, involvement, and commitment of many persons and organisations. We
first express our special acknowledgements to the students who played a major role in the symposium organisation
and logistics, Julie Adams, Melanie Caron, Angelique Dupuch, Danielle HerollX, Guillaume Lapierre, Raphael
Proulx, Martin-Hugues St-Laurent, and Isabelle St-Onge from the Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres. We are
also grateful to the symposium sponsors, Brook Trout Foundation, Centre for Research and Education, Fondation
de la faune du Quebec, Hydro Quebec, Ministere de la Recherche, de la Science et de la Technologie (Quebec
Government), Societe de la faune et des pares du Quebec (Quebec Government), and Universire du Quebec aT rois-
Rivieres. We thank Office du Tourisme et des Congres de Trois-Rivieres and Universire du Quebec aT rois-Rivieres
for their invaluable logistic support. We thank Eugene Balon and David Noakes, who supported the project of a special
volume on Salvelinus species, and the numerous referees, listed at the end of this journal's volume, for their careful
reviews of the papers submitted for publication. We are very grateful to Laure Devine and Raphael Proulx for their
meticulous work with editing and processing of papers published in this volume. Eugene Balon was also particularly
helpful with the final editorial process. Finally, we want to express our gratitude to the invited speakers and to all
participants at the Symposium as well as to authors of this special volume for their significant scientific contributions.
Contents and organisation
Specimens for all the Great Bear Lake charr drawings
This special volume contains 31 papers that were were supplied by C. Blackie and D. Weese.
accepted following the review process. All papers sub- The first paper (Power 2002), by the keynote speaker
mitted for publication were reviewed by two refer- of the Symposium, describes conditions experienced
ees and evaluated following the usual rules of the by charrs of eastern North America during recent
Journal. The papers are assembled into seven parts as phases of their evolution, and discusses the imprints
follows: Keynote presentation, Ecological interactions this history may have left on life cycles and ecological
and behaviour, Trophic polymorphism, Movement and characteristics displayed today. The paper has implica-
migration, Ecophysiology and evolutionary genetics, tions on the way we view the genus and for decisions
Ecological parasitology, and Enviroumental stress and that might be taken regarding its future conservation.
conservation. We maintained the use of the vernacular In the first paper of Part 1, Klemetsen et al. (2002)
name' charr' to denominate Salve linus species for con- report the results on a long-term study (1980--1999)
sistency with the phylogeny of the genus and to follow investigating the ecology of Arctic charr, brown trout,
the common usage that emerged since the publication Salmo frutta, three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus
of 'Charrs: salmonid fishes of the genus Salvelinus' aculeatus, and various species of planktonic and ben-
(Balon 1980) and the charr symposium series (see thic crustaceans before and after the intensive fish-
Morton 1980). ing of Arctic charr from 1984 to 1989. Dempson
Illustrations of Salve linus species and forms made et al. (2002) exarIrine the diet of anadromous Arctic
by Paul Vecsei are also included in this volume. charr from northern Labrador in relation to apparent
Paul Vecsei holds degrees in geography (Concordia) widespread environmental and ecological changes that
and zoology (Guelph) (Vecsei 2000), and is cur- have occurred in the northwest Atlantic Ocean during
rently enrolled in doctoral studies in fisheries (Athens, the 1990's. Winfield et al. (2002) examine horizontal
Georgia). A number of his drawings of various fish differences in the diet of Arctic charr along the long
species have been published previously in Environmen- axis of Loch Ness in relation to spatial variation in the
tal Biology of Fishes (Vecsei 1997, Vecsei & Heaton availability of prey populations. Power et al. (2002)
200 I) and elsewhere. His most recent publication is describe growth and diet of Arctic charr and brook
dedicated to the sturgeons, the current ichthyological charr, Salvelinusfontinalis, in three lakes from a water-
infatuation of his (Vecsei & Charette 2001). For a num- shed situated on the north shore of the St. Lawrence
ber of years he focused similar attention on charrs. Gulf, and assess variation among Arctic charr stocks