Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms in FLorida

223 Pages·2007·37.19 MB·English

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CONTINENTAL
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Editor Editor
MICHAEL COLLINS RICHARD W. STERNBERG
SOUTHAMPTON,U.K. SEATTLE,U.S.A.
Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful
Algal Blooms in Florida
Guest Editors
John J. Walsh
Gary Kirkpatrick
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Printedin Great Britain
Special Issue
Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful
Algal Blooms in Florida
VOLUME 28, No. 1 January 2008
CONTENTS
Introduction
J. WalshandG. Kirkpatrick 1 Preface
P.A. Tester andD.F. Millie 3 Dedicationto Dr. KarenA.Steidinger
Specialissue papers
F.M.Van Dolah, 11 Cell cycle behavior of laboratory and field populations of the Florida
T.A.Leighfield,D.Kamykowski redtide dinoflagellate,Karenia brevis
andG.J. Kirkpatrick
D.G.Redalje, S.E. Lohrenz, 24 The growth dynamics of Karenia brevis within discrete blooms on the
M.J. Natter,M.D. Tuel, West FloridaShelf
G.J.Kirkpatrick, D.F.Millie,
G.L. Fahnenstieland
F.M.Van Dolah
R.Pierce, M.Henryand 45 BrevetoxinabundanceandcompositionduringECOHAB-Floridafield
P.Blum monitoringcruises in the Gulf ofMexico
P.A. Tester,D. Shea, 59 Relationships among water column toxins, cell abundance and
S.R.Kibler, S.M.Varnam, chlorophyll concentrations duringKarenia brevisblooms
M.D. Blackand
R.W. Litaker
G.A.Vargo, C.A. Heil, 73 NutrientavailabilityinsupportofKareniabrevisbloomsonthecentral
K.A.Fanning, L.K. Dixon, West FloridaShelf: Whatkeeps Kareniablooming?
M.B.Neely, K. Lester,
D.Ault,S.Murasko,J.Havens,
J. WalshandS. Bell
K.M. Lester, C.A. Heil, 99 Zooplankton andKareniabrevis in the Gulf ofMexico
M.B.Neely, D.N. Spence,
S. Murasko,T.L. Hopkins,
T.T. Sutton,S.E. Burghart,
R.N.Bohrer, A.W. Remsen,
G.A.Vargo andJ.J. Walsh
S.P.Milroy, D.A.Dieterle, 112 Athree-dimensionalbiophysicalmodelofKareniabrevisdynamicson
R.He, G.J. Kirkpatrick, the west Florida shelf: A look at physical transport and potential
K.M. Lester, K.A.Steidinger, zooplanktongrazing controls
G.A.Vargo, J.J.Walsh and
R.H.Weisberg
J.P. Cannizzaro,K.L. Carder, 137 A novel technique for detection of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia
F.R.Chen, C.A. Heil and brevis,in the Gulf of Mexicofrom remotely sensed oceancolor data
G.A.Vargo
(Continuedonnextpage)
C.Hu, R.Luerssen, 159 OntheremotemonitoringofKareniabrevisbloomsofthewestFlorida
F.E. Muller-Karger, shelf
K.L. Carderand C.A. Heil
G.S. Janowitz,D. Kamykowski 177 A three-dimensional wind and behaviorally driven population
andG. Liu dynamicsmodel forKarenia brevis
R.P. Stumpf, R.W.Litaker, 189 Hydrodynamicaccumulation of Kareniaoff the westcoast ofFlorida
L. Lanerolleand P.A. Tester
Cover image: Top Panels – 1–2: Chlorophyll concentrated in a frontal system off the west Florida
continental shelf. See Stumpf et al. (this issue)
3: Karenia brevis cell counts 1954–2005 (Fish and Wildlife Research
Institute, 2007. WWW Page, www.floridamarine.org.)
Middle Panels – 1: Karenia brevis bloom off the west coast of Florida (NOAA)
2: Karenia brevis cell (NOAA)
3: Chlorophyll concentrated in a frontal system off the west Florida
continental shelf. See Stumpf et al. (this issue)
Lower Panels 1: Classic CZCS image of SW Florida on 14 November 1978; the first
satellite image believed to show a harmful algal bloom. Sampling from
13–15 November by the State of Florida confirmed concentrations of
Karenia brevis near the coast that were consistent with the CZCS
chlorophyll. Image processed by James, G. Acker, NASA. http://
disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/oceancolor/scifocus/classic_scenes/12_classics_blooms.
shtml/*
2: October 3, 2001 Karenia brevis bloom. See Hu et al. (this issue)
3: August30,2001Kareniabrevisbloom.SeeCannizzarioetal.(thisissue)
ARTICLE IN PRESS
ContinentalShelfResearch28(2008)1–2
www.elsevier.com/locate/csr
Preface
This Special Issue of Ecology and Oceanography (cid:2) Determine the sources of inorganic and organic
of Harmful Algal Blooms in Florida in Continental nutrients that allow growth and persistence of
Shelf Research contains 11 papers that present large K. brevis populations in coastal waters.
research funded or inspired by the ECOHAB FL (cid:2) Evaluate the interactions of cellular, behavioral,
Program. The program was based on the under- life cycle, and community regulation processes
standing that the ability to predict initiation, with environmental forcing factors during stages
maintenance, and dispersal of Karenia brevis red of bloom development and
tides was severely limited by the lack of a quantita- (cid:2) Determine the production, occurrence, fate, and
tive description of the population dynamics. ECO- effects of brevetoxins in the environment during
HAB FL was sponsored jointly by the National and after K. brevis blooms.
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The 11 contributions in this special issue and 55
and served as a catalyst for a number of studies other ECOHAB of FL publications have provided
including the Minerals Management Service’s much of the information required to model the
Northeastern Gulf of Mexico NEGOM program, bloomstages,describeimportantprocessesinvolved
theOfficeofNavalResearch’sHyperspectralCoast- in transport and determine the nutrient require-
al Ocean Dynamics Experiment (HyCODE), Na- ments and potential sources of nutrients for the
tional Science Foundation’s DATGOM (Daughters blooms. On different time and space scales studies
of Trichodesmium Gulf of Mexico), the EPA’s of cell cycle behavior, vertical migration and fate
HABSOS (Harmful Algal Blooms Observing Sys- and effects of toxins provide input for behavioral
tem) as well as state-supported Florida Marine modelsandimportantinformationonthepartition-
Research Institute (FMRI/Mote Marine Labora- ing of toxins in near-shore and coastal waters.
tory/University of South Florida) projects on the We would like to thank the contributors and
west Florida shelf. Between March 1998 and reviewers for making this issue an excellent fes-
December 2001 a core group of 22 senior investiga- tschrift, honoring the scientific contributions of
tors representing 12 institutions including five uni- Dr. Karen A. Steidinger to our understanding of
versities (University of South Florida, Florida State toxic red tides. Like another famous Karen of
University, University of South Mississippi, North Scandinavian descent, i.e. Karen Blixen aka Isak
Carolina State University and Rutgers), Florida Dinesen, Dr. Steidinger has such stature that the
MarineResearchInstitute,MoteMarineLaboratory toxic dinoflagellate, causing as much annual eco-
and five Federal laboratories (3 NOAA, USDA, nomic losses as (cid:3)25,000,000 dollars to residents of
USGS) conducted approximately 175 cruises on the just the southeastern United States, has been
westFloridashelf(WalshandSteidinger,2004)with designated K. brevis. In particular, we would like to
the following research objectives: thank Drs. Patricia Tester and Barbara Kirkpatrick
for their help in completion of our editorial tasks.
(cid:2) Modeltheinitiation,maintenance,andexportof
K. brevis red tides on the west Florida shelf at
References
different time and space scales and to predict its
movement.
Walsh, J.J., Steidinger, K.A., 2004. ECOHAB: Florida—
(cid:2) Describe the physical habitat that affects trans-
acatalystforrecentmulti-agencystudiesofthewestFlorida
port and concentration of K. brevis. shelf. In: Steidinger, K.A., Landsberg, J.H., Tomas, C.R.,
0278-4343/$-seefrontmatterr2007PublishedbyElsevierLtd.
doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.015
ARTICLE IN PRESS
2 Preface/ContinentalShelfResearch28(2008)1–2
Vargo, G.A. (Eds.), Harmful Algae 2002. Florida Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of
Oceanography,andIntergovernmentalOceanographicCom-
missionofUNESCO,pp.543–545.
John Walsh
College of Marine Science,
University of South Florida,
140 7th Avenue South,
St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]
Gary Kirkpatrick
Mote Marine Laboratory,
1600 Ken Thompson Parkway,
Sarasota, FL 34236, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]
ARTICLE IN PRESS
ContinentalShelfResearch28(2008)3–10
www.elsevier.com/locate/csr
Dedication to Dr. Karen A. Steidinger
1. Introduction 2. Research, Teaching and Administrative
Contributions
In recognition of her noteworthy scientific con-
tributions, especially those concerning harmful Dr. Steidinger’s contributions to and her impacts
algae, coupled with her contributions to young upon phycology and oceanography span four
scientists’ development, professional societies and decades, beginning with her work at the Florida
agencyservice,thisspecialIssueofContinentalShelf Board of Conservation’s Marine Laboratory and
Research—Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful continuing through completion of her undergradu-
Algal Blooms of Florida is dedicated to Karen A. ate and graduate degrees, and her subsequent
Steidinger,Ph.D.Dr.Steidinger’sresearchconcern- positions as marine biologist, supervisor, and then
ing the systematics, ecology, and oceanography of chief administrator of the Florida Marine Research
the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis Institute (FMRI). Her initial professional appoint-
(Davis) G. Hansen et Moestrup (formally, Gymno- ment (as laboratory technician for the Florida
dinium breve Davis) is legendary and comprised the Board of Conservation) was in 1963. In slightly
historical framework for the federally mandated, more than a decade, she had risen to Laboratory
multi-agencyresearchprograms,Ecology&Oceano- Supervisor by 1978 at the same laboratory (now
graphy of Harmful Algal Blooms (ECOHAB) and named the Florida Department of Natural Re-
Monitoring & Event Response of Harmful Algal sources Marine Research Laboratory. She was
Blooms (MERHAB). Her intellectual curiosity, love appointedasChiefoftheBureauofMarineScience
for training students and young scientists, and and Technology in 1980 and in 1983 became Chief
tireless involvement with academic colleagues, ofResearchoftheFloridaMarineResearchInstitute,
federal/state agency programs and scientific socie- serving in that role until 1993. In this leadership
ties have provided her with international promi- capacity, Karen oversaw 183 full-time staff and
nence and leaves a legacy that young scientists can over 100 part-time staff at a central laboratory
aspire to fulfill. Accordingly, it is fitting that this and6fieldlaboratories,whilemanaginga$13million
collection of papers be dedicated to her. dollar budget. During this administrative tenure,
0278-4343/$-seefrontmatter
doi:10.1016/j.csr.2007.04.010
ARTICLE IN PRESS
4 Dedication/ContinentalShelfResearch28(2008)3–10
Dr. Steidinger negotiated a fixed capital outlay 20 scientists from numerous academic, state, and
(greater than $10 million dollars) from the state of federal institutions to work together towards a
Florida for construction and outfitting of a new common research goal. She subsequently assisted
FMRI laboratory(now theFlorida Fish &Wildlife representatives from the United States Congress
Research Institute, FWRI) that was completed in (House of Representatives) in compiling informa-
1994.In2003,ontheoccasionofherretirement,the tion concerning harmful algal blooms and hypoxia
250-seat auditorium in the Institute was named in forthepreparationandsubsequentauthorizationof
her honor. legislative funding.
Recognition of Dr. Steidinger’s insight on and Fromtheadministrative-andpolicy-filleddaysas
contributions to the systematics and oceanography Chief of Research, Karen always has sought
ofredtidesandherinfluenceonthisdisciplinewere scientific‘renewal’bylookingthroughamicroscope
recognized‘earlyon’byhercolleagues.In1972,she at dinoflagellates—whether it was her work with
coordinated and directed a research team addres- Linda Walker in which the entire life cycle of the
sing red-tide outbreaks, their entrainment off west first toxic dinoflagellate was documented (specifi-
coast of Florida, and their subsequent transport to cally,gameteformationwithinthevegetativecellto
the east coast via the Gulf Stream System. This meiosis and production of the chain of four
work, published in Limnology and Oceanography in vegetative cells in Alexandrium monilatum), to
1975, emphasized the importance of physical trainingandinspiringparticipantsintheprestigious
forcing and transport in bloom occurrence and International Advanced Phytoplankton Course (con-
proliferation. Within this manuscript, the use of vened every 3–5 years, first at the University of
satellite thermal imagery for detecting ‘fronts’ Oslo, Norway and more recently at the Stazione
associated with Karenia blooms initially was de- ZoologicaAntonDohrninNaples,Italy).Fromthe
scribed. Such utilization of ‘cutting-edge’ research timeofEnriqueBalech’srecommendation(in1983)
tools to assist studies of red tides and the factors of Dr. Steidinger as a faculty member for this
and/or mechanisms that transport them has been a course, she has treasured the time she spends with
recurring theme in Karen’s work. In 1981, she the most promising of the next generation’s
worked with Ken Haddad (now the Executive phytoplankton systematists. In truth, this is prob-
DirectoroftheFloridaFishandWildlifeConserva- ably her greatest contribution to science; through-
tion Commission) and examined Karenia bloom out her career, she has freely mentored and trained
development in relation to the Loop Current. This (both ‘young’ and ‘old’) scientists, so that they may
historic work subsequently was published in experience the same love for science that she does!
BioScience. At the convening of the first red tide Clearly, Dr. Steidinger’s professional contributions
conference (in Boston, 1975), Dr. Steidinger pre- have impacted numerous phycologists and oceano-
sentedthepaper,‘Basicfactorsinfluencingredtides’, graphers; however, her influence extends far beyond
where she first put forth the concept of sequential the red tide ‘arena’, and into science policy and
bloom phases for red tides—initiation, growth, administration. She has administered programs as
maintenance (plateau), and transport. Within this diverse as fisheries ecology, shellfish sanitation,
seminalpresentation,shediscussedthelifecycleand endangered species, and coastal and marine resource
emphasized the importance of physical/chemical assessment. Her foresight into the usage of technolo-
forcing (particularly that of salinity) for constrain- gical ‘tools’ for addressing habitat and resource
ing the dispersion of harmful algal blooms, parti- management issues led to the development of state-
cularly Florida red tides. This recognition that of-the-art GIS capabilities to map habitat and overly
blooms possess multiple, sequential phases, during critical biological data. The GIS facility at FWRI
which distinct forcing phenomena predominate, subsequentlywasenhancedbysignificantdatastorage
serves as the basis for our understanding of the andretrievalcapacity.Withsuchatechnologicalbase
roles that nutrient requirements and environmental and under Karen’s leadership, 5-year plans were
forcing have in red tide development. developedbytheInstitutetoassistinthedefenseand
Dr. Steidinger’s influence on Florida’s red-tide protection of crucial habitat and resources.
research culminated with the planning and admin- Scientists cognizant of Dr. Steidinger’s scientific
istration of the federally mandated program, achievements and those fortunate enough to work
ECOHAB-Florida (1998–2003). Beginning in 1997, with her hold Karen in very great esteem. In 2000,
sherecruited,assembled,andcoordinatedmorethat Danish researchers honored her by ‘renaming’ the