Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States

282 Pages·2014·4.3 MB·English

by  John P. Giesy

Volume 231
John P. Giesy
Keith R. Solomon
Editors
Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos
in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the
United States
Reviews of
Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology
VOLUME 231
For further volumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/398

Ecological Risk Assessment
for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and
Aquatic Systems in the United States
Editors
John P. Giesy and Keith R. Solomon
Editorial Board
David M. Whitacre, Summerfi eld, North Carolina, USA • Maria Fernanda, Cavieres, Valparaiso, Chile
Charles P. Gerba, Tucson, Arizona, USA
John P. Giesy, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada • O. Hutzinger, Bayreuth, Germany
James B. Knaak, Getzville, New York, USA
James T. Stevens, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
Ronald S. Tjeerdema, Davis, California, USA • Pim de Voogt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
George W. Ware, Tucson, Arizona, USA
Founding Editor
Francis A. Gunther

VOLUME 231
Editors
John P. Giesy Keith R. Solomon
Department of Veterinary Biomedical Centre for Toxicology
Sciences and Toxicology Centre School of Environmental Sciences
University of Saskatchewan University of Guelph
Saskatoon, SK, Canada Guelph, ON, Canada
ISSN 0179-5953 ISSN 2197-6554 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-03864-3 ISBN 978-3-319-03865-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0
Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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Special Foreword
T his volume of Reviews in Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (RECT)
is devoted to an ecological risk assessment of the insecticide, chlorpyrifos (CPY).
Chlorpyrifos (O , O -diethyl O -(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate;
CAS No. 2921-88-2) is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide that is impor-
tant for the control of a large number of insect pests of crops. Applications are
made to soil or foliage and can occur pre-plant, at-plant, post-plant, or during the
dormant season.
Under the enabling legislation of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is
charged with assessing the potential for agricultural chemicals to cause undue harm
to nontarget plants and animals while considering benefi cial uses in protection of
crops. Registrations for labeled insecticides and other pesticides are reevaluated
approximately every 15 years. Since CPY was last reevaluated, there have been
many changes that affect its environmental profi le:
• The EPA has changed how risk assessments of chemicals used to protect agricul-
tural crops are conducted.
• T he data available on concentrations and fate in the environment and toxicity of
CPY to animals have increased.
• Methods and models used to estimate concentrations in the environment and
exposure doses to biota have improved.
• U se patterns have changed in response to changes in cropping patterns, pest
pressures, and new agricultural technologies.
• The crops for which CPY can be used and the amounts and frequencies of appli-
cation permitted on the label have also changed, all of which are the primary
determinants of the entry of CPY into the environment and its subsequent fate in
the regions of use and beyond.
In anticipation of the next reregistration review, the registrant for most of the
formulations containing CPY, Dow AgroSciences, requested that we convene an
expert panel to review the ecological risks of CPY with a specifi c focus on current
patterns of use of CPY in the US agriculture.
v
vi Special Foreword
A n independent panel of experts was assembled to reassess the risks posed by
CPY to aquatic life and wildlife and consider newly available information, assess-
ment techniques, label requirements and restrictions, changes in market-driven use
patterns, and issues and uncertainties that have arisen since similar assessments
were conducted for aquatic and terrestrial organisms in 1999 and 2001. As is typical
of risk assessments of pesticides, this exercise required a range of expertise. The
panel consisted of seven scientists with experience in environmental fate of organic
molecules and associated simulation modeling, toxicity of pesticides to aquatic and
terrestrial organisms, environmental chemodynamics, and ecological risk assess-
ment. The panel developed conceptual models and an analysis plan that addressed
the issues identifi ed by the registrant, the panel, and in the problem formulation
process developed by the USEPA. All panel members participated in all aspects of
the problem formulation and goal-setting for the assessment. Individual experts took
the lead in conducting various portions of the assessment. The assessment built upon
the fi ndings of the previous assessments, updated the data sets available, and applied
the most current methods and models for assessing risks. The panel met several
times over the period 2011–2013, discussed the fi ndings of the various teams, and
then prepared a series of peer-reviewed manuscripts, which are published together
as a series in this volume of RECT. All of the papers were reviewed by anonymous
reviewers. In particular, the panel addressed the following specifi c issues raised by
the Environmental Fate and Effects Division of the USEPA and others:
• The potential for long-range atmospheric transport (LRT)
• Occurrence and environmental risks of the oxon metabolite of CPY
• The potential for missing signifi cant exposures during monitoring programs
• Risk of CPY to pollinators
T he assessment built upon the conclusions of the previous published assessments
and did not repeat the lower tiers of the risk assessment process. In the refi ned
assessments, probabilistic techniques were used. For birds, aquatic organisms, and
bees, the results of the risk assessments were placed into the context by comparison
to incident reports and results of fi eld studies.
All of this information is presented in seven papers in this volume of RECT.
The fi rst of these is a general overview of the main conclusions and some of the sources
of uncertainty that were identifi ed. The other six papers address the following topics:
• Uses and key properties
• Fate and transport in the atmosphere
• Fate and transport in water
• Risks to aquatic organisms
• Exposures and risks to birds
• Risks to pollinators
These papers are augmented by extensive supplemental information (SI) in PDF
format. The objective of providing this SI was to make the environmental risk
assessment of this agrochemical as transparent as possible.
Special Foreword vii
A s volume editors and co-chairs of the panel, we enjoyed the process and are
very pleased with the high level of scientifi c rigor used by the panel and the breadth
of the data used in the process. We thank the panel for their contributions to these
papers and also to the anonymous reviewers for ensuring the quality and clarity of
the papers. We trust that readers will fi nd this compilation useful and will stimulate
further scientifi c endeavors.
Saskatoon, SK, Canada John P. Giesy
Guelph, ON, Canada Keith R. Solomon

Foreword
I nternational concern in scientifi c, industrial, and governmental communities over
traces of xenobiotics in foods and in both abiotic and biotic environments has justi-
fi ed the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this fi eld: comprehensive
reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival docu-
mentations. These three international publications are integrated and scheduled to
provide the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a fi eld as
dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series
is reserved exclusively for the diversifi ed literature on “toxic” chemicals in our
food, our feeds, our homes, recreational and working surroundings, our domestic
animals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been
mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the
chemicals loosed upon the Earth. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis
is an undeniable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one
can fi nd the latest important world literature produced by these emerging areas of
science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation.
Research directors and legislative or administrative advisers do not have the time
to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles
important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background
provided by detailed reviews and the assurance that the latest information is made
available to them, all with minimal literature searching. Similarly, the scientist
assigned or attracted to a new problem is required to glean all literature pertinent to
the task, to publish new developments or important new experimental details
quickly, to inform others of fi ndings that might alter their own efforts, and eventu-
ally to publish all his/her supporting data and conclusions for archival purposes.
In the fi elds of environmental contamination and toxicology, the sum of these
concerns and responsibilities is decisively addressed by the uniform, encompassing,
and timely publication format of the Springer triumvirate:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Vol. 1 through 97
(1962–1986) as Residue Reviews] for detailed review articles concerned with
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