Ecological responses to environmental stresses

315 Pages·1990·12.041 MB·English

by  A. D. Bradshaw, T. McNeilly (auth.), J. Rozema, J. A. C. Verkleij (eds.)

Ecological responses to environmental stresses
Tasks for vegetation science 22
Series Editors
HELMUT LIETH HAROLD A. MOONEY
University ofOsnabriick, Germany Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., U.S.A.
Ecological responses to environmental stresses
edited by
J. ROZEMA & J.A.C. VERKLEIJ
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ecological responses to environmental stresses / edited by J. Rozema
and J.A.C. Verkleij.
p. cm. -- (Tasks for vegetation science; 22)
Includes index.
1. Plants, Effect of stress on. 2. Botany--Ecology. I. Rozema,
J. II. Verkleij, J. A. C. (Jos A. c.) III. Series.
QK754.E36 1990
581.5'22--dc20 90-4762
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-6757-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-0599-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0599-3
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
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Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1991 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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Contents
List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX
Preface ................................................................................ xiii
About Wilfried H.O. Ernst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
List of publications of W.H.O. Ernst ...................................................... xix
1. Stress tolerance in plants - the evolutionary framework by A. D. Bradshawrr. McNeilly. . . . . 2
2. Heavy metal resistance in higher plants: biochemical and genetic aspects by J. A. C. Verkleijl
P. C Lolkema/A. L. de Neeling/H. Harmens . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. Free radicals and heavy metal tolerance by C. H. R. de Vos/H. Schat ...................... 22
4. Physiological responses of higher plants to soil contamination with metals by H. Clijstersl
F. van Assche/L. Gora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5. Arsenic in water, sediment and vegetation of the Jales gold mine, North Portugal by T. de Koe 42
6. Ecophysiological adaptations of higher plants in natural communities to waterlogging by P. Ja-
niesch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
7. Effects of inundation stress on salt marsh halophytes by J. van Diggelen .................... 62
8. Water as a stress factor in the coastal dune system by H. Schat/K. van Beckhoven ........... 76
9. Natural and man-made environmental stresses in coastal wetlands by J. RozemaiP. C. Leendertse 92
10. Economic uses of salt marshes by A. H. L. Huiskes/W. G. Beeftink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 104
11. Occurrence and function of mycorrhiza in environmentally stressed soils by W. E. van Duinl
W. A. J. Griffioen/J. H. Ietswaart ..................................................... 114
12. Contamination of coastal wetlands with heavy metals: factors affecting uptake of heavy metals by
salt marsh plants by M. L. Otte ....................................................... 126
13. Population ecology of plant species in disturbed forest and grassland habitats by J. van Andel!
J. van Baalen/N. A. M. G. Rozijn .... . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 136
14. Ecological responses of macro-and microphytic algae to water pollution by J. Simons/P. J. R. de
Vries .............................................................................. 150
15. Common reed by M. van der Werff .................................................... 172
16. The impact of oil pollution on salt marsh vegetation by M. C. Th. Scholten/P. C. Leendertse .. 184
17. Effects of air pollution on plants and vegetations by A. C. Posthumus ...................... 191
18. Air pollution and reproductive processes in natural plant species by Th. A. Dueck ........... 200
vi
19. Developments and present status of terrestrial ecotoxicology by E. N. G. Joosse/N. M. van
Straalen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 210
20. Global change, the impact of the greenhouse effect (atmospheric CO enrichment) and the
2
increased UV-B radiation on terrestrial plants by J. Rozema/G. M. LenssenIW. J. Arp/J. W. M.
van de Staaij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 220
21. The genetics and ecology of variation in secondary plant substances by P. Kakes ... . . . . . . . . .. 234
22. Phenolic substances in forest leaf litter and their impact on plant growth in forest vegetations by
A. T. Kuiters ....................................................................... 252
23. Plant responses to human activities in the tropical savanna ecosystem of Botswana by T. Tietemal
D. J. Tolsma/E. M. Veenendaal/J. Schroten ............................................ 262
24. Agricultural problems of saline arable land in Pakistan by J. Rozema. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 278
25. Genetic variability in Orobanche (broomrape) and Striga (witchweed) and its implications for host
crop resistance breeding by A. H. Pieterse/J. A. C. Verkleij .............................. 290
vii
List of contributors
Andel, J. van, Department of Plant Ecology, University of Groningen, Biological Centre, P.O. Box 14,
9750 AA Haren (Gn), The Netherlands.
Arp, W.J., Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Box 28, Edgewater MD 21037, Maryland, USA.
Assche, F. van, Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Universitaire Campus, B-361O Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Baalen, J. van, Ministerie van Landbouw en Visserij, Directie NMF, Postbus 20401,2500 EK 's-Graven
hage, The Netherlands.
Beckhoven, K. van, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Beeftink, W.G., Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Vierstraat 28, 4401 EA Yerseke, The
Netherlands.
Bradshaw, A.D., Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.
Clijsters, H., Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Universitaire Campus, B-361O Diepenbeek, Belgium.
De Vos, C.H.R., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Diggelen, J. van, Pan data BV, Postbus 1923, 2280 DX Rijswijk, The Netherlands.
Dueck, Th. A., Department of Ecology & Soil Ecology, Research Institute for Plant Protection, P.O. Box
9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Duin, W.E. van, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Gora, L., Limburgs Universitair Centrum, Universitaire Campus, B-361O Diepenbeek, Belgium.
Griffioen, W.A.J., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Harmens, H., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
ix
Huiskes, A.H.L., Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Vierstraat 28, 4401 EA Yerseke, The
Netherlands.
Ietswaart, J .H., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Janiesch, P., Dept. Physiologische Okologie, Universitat Oldenburg, F.B. 7, Postfach 2503, D-2900 Olden
burg, FRG.
Joosse, E.N.G., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Kakes, P., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Koe, T. de, Depto de Biologia, Universidade de Tras os Montes e Alta Douro, 5000 Vila Real, Portugal.
Kuiters, A. T., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Leendertse, P.C., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Lenssen, G .M., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Lolkema, P. C. , Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vri j e U niversiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
McNeilly, T., Department of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool
L69 3BX, U.K.
Neeling, A.L. de, Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en milieuhygiene, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Biltho
yen, The Netherlands.
Otte, M.L., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Pieterse, A.H., Royal Tropical Institute, Rural Development Programme, Mauritskade 63, 1092 AD
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Posthumus, A.C., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rozema, J., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rozijn, N.A.M.G., Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105,1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Schat, H., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Scholten, M.C.T., M.T. - TNO, Department of Biology, Laboratory for Applied Marine Research, P.O.
Box 57, 1740 AB Den Helder, The Netherlands.
x
Schroten, J., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Simons, J., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Staaij, J.W.M. van de, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Straalen, N.M. van, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tietema, T., National Institute of Development, Research and Documentation, University of Botswana,
Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.
Tolsma, D.J., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,1081 HV
Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Veenendaal, E.M., National Institute of Development, Research and Documentation, University of Bot
swana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana.
Verkleij, J.A.C., Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Vries, P.J.R. de, Unie van Waterschappen, Joh. van Oldebarneveldlaan 5, Postbus 80200, 2508 GE
's-Gravenhage, The Netherlands.
Werff, M. van der, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
xi
Preface
September 1987, the Faculty Biology of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam commemorated the fact that
Prof. Dr. Wilfried Hans Otto Ernst had been active as a scientist for 25 years. This period of 25 years of
scientific research started at the Institut flir Angewandte Botanik (Institute of Applied Botany) of the
University of Munster, FRG. In 1965 he completed his Ph.D. thesis, entitled "Untersuchungen der
Schwermetallpflanzengesellschaften Mitteleuropas unter Einschluss der Alpen."
He was appointed full Professor at the Department of Ecology of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam in
1973. On the occasion of his 25th anniversary as a scientist, a promise was made, though in covert terms,
which we could not redeem at that time. The promise held to offer Prof. Ernst a book, in which his former
and present staffmembers, Ph.D. students and colle ages should write a review about their specialism
concerning a central theme.
Now, at the beginning of 1990 we consider the chapters of "Ecological Responses to Environmental
Stresses" to be completed. The book reflects the wide range of research approaches that has been initiated
and organized by Wilfried Ernst.
The editors hope to have attained the primary aim of the production of the book off riends, that is to gather
relevant papers of staff-members and colleagues of Wilfried Ernst. The title of the book "Ecological
Responses to Environmental Stresses" covers the majority of the chapters included. The title still covers the
research projects of the present Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, of the Vrije Universiteit.
The study of environmental stresses as occurring in ecosystems high in heavy metals, salt or organic
contaminants, and the response of plants and animals is highly important for the understanding of the recent
environmental problems. The chapters in the book are concise, reflect the vision of the authors but do not
always intend to be thorough and lengthy reviews.
The writing of the texts and the editorial work has taken considerable time, but it has been a pleasure to
compose this book offriends.
We hope that both the fundamental and applied ecological research of environmental stresses as presented
here may for a long time be stimulated and guided by Wilfried Ernst.
J. ROZEMA
J. VERKLEIJ
xiii