Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions PDF
Preview Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions
Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions MONOGRAPHS IN POPULATION BIOLOGY EDITED BY SIMON A. LEVIN AND HENRY S. HORN A complete series list follows the bibliography Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions A. Townsend Peterson Jorge Soberón Richard G. Pearson Robert P. Anderson Enrique Martínez-Meyer Miguel Nakamura Miguel Bastos Araújo PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS Princeton and Oxford Copyright © 2011 by Princeton University Press Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ecological niches and geographic distributions / A. Townsend Peterson . . . [et al.]. p. cm. — (Monographs in population biology ; no. 49) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-691-13686-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-691-13688-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Niche (Ecology) 2. Niche (Ecology)—Mathematical models. 3. Biogeography. 4. Biogeography —Mathematical models. I. Peterson, A. Townsend (Andrew Townsend), 1964– QH546.3.E26 2011 577.8(cid:2)2—dc23 2011018009 British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available This book has been composed in Times Roman Printed on acid-free paper. ∞ Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ix 1. Introduction 1 Practicalities 2 This Volume 3 Part I THEORY 2. Concepts of Niches 7 Major Themes in Niche Concepts 9 Grinnellian and Eltonian Niches 16 Estimating Grinnellian Niches: Practicalities 19 Summary 21 3. Niches and Geographic Distributions 23 Relations between Environmental and Geographic Spaces 24 The Ecological Equations 26 The BAM Diagram: A Thinking Framework 29 Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions 31 Estimating Geographic Areas and Ecological Niches 40 Summary 46 Part II PRACTICE 4. Niches and Distributions in Practice: Overview 51 General Principles 52 Steps to Building Niche Models 56 5. Species’ Occurrence Data 62 Types of Occurrence Data 62 Occurrence Data Content and Availability 77 Summary 81 vi CONTENTS 6. Environmental Data 82 Species-Environment Relationships 82 Environmental Data for Ecological Niche Modeling 85 Environmental Data in Practice 87 Summary 95 7. Modeling Ecological Niches 97 What Is Being Estimated? 98 Modeling Algorithms 101 Implementation 112 Model Calibration 112 Model Complexity and Overfi tting 123 Study Region Extent and Resolution Revisited 125 Model Extrapolation and Transferability 126 Differences among Methods and Selection of “Best” Models 128 Characterizing Ecological Niches 131 Summary 137 8. From Niches to Distributions 138 Potential Distributional Areas 138 Nonequilibrium Distributions 141 Detecting and Processing Nonequilibrium Distributions 143 Summary 149 9: Evaluating Model Performance and Signifi cance 150 Presences, Absences, and Errors 150 Calibration and Evaluation Datasets 153 Overfi tting, Performance, Signifi cance, and Evaluation Space 154 Selection of Evaluation Data 156 Evaluation of Performance 162 Assessing Model Signifi cance 167 Future Directions 176 Summary 180 Part III APPLICATIONS 10. Introduction to Applications 185 11. Discovering Biodiversity 189 Discovering Populations 190 CONTENTS vii Discovering Species Limits 191 Discovering Unknown Species 192 Connection to Theory 192 Practical Considerations 193 Review of Applications 195 Discussion 198 12. Conservation Planning and Climate Change Effects 200 Generalities 200 Connection to Theory 201 Practical Considerations 206 Review of Applications 208 13. Species’ Invasions 215 Connection to Theory 216 Practical Considerations 216 Review of Applications 218 Caveats and Limitations 222 Future Directions and Challenges 224 14. The Geography of Disease Transmission 226 Connection to Theory 229 Practical Considerations 229 Review of Applications 230 Caveats and Limitations 235 Future Directions and Challenges 236 15. Linking Niches with Evolutionary Processes 238 Changes in the Available Environment 238 Niche Conservatism 240 Tests of Conservatism 243 Context 250 Learning More about Ecological Niche Evolution 250 Future Directions and Challenges 254 16. Conclusions 256 Appendices Appendix A: Glossary of Symbols Used 261 Appendix B: Set Theory for G- and E-Space 266 viii CONTENTS Glossary 269 Bibliography 281 Acknowledgments Acknowledging all of the people and institutions who have made the develop- ment of this book possible is not an easy task. That is, this book summarizes at least a decade of work by each of seven researchers, each of whom has seen signifi cant support and encouragement from a number of sources. Certainly, then, we thank our home institutions—the University of Kansas; American Museum of Natural History; City University of New York; Instituto de Bi- ología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas, A.C.; Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; Consejo Supe- rior de Investigaciones Científi cas of Spain; and Comisión Nacional para el Uso y Conocimiento de la Biodiversidad. Without this fi rm institutional basis, this book surely would not have come to exist. On a more proximate basis, we thank the following organizations for their support in terms of funding: Microsoft Research (grant to Peterson and So- berón), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (grant to sup- port research visit by Peterson to Brazil), the “Rui Nabeiro” Chair of Biodiver- sity at the University of Évora (Araújo), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant CGL2008-01198-E to Araújo), Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica UNAM (grant IN221208 to Martínez-Meyer), the U.S. National Science Foundation (grant DEB 0717357 to Anderson; DEB 0641023 and IPY 0732948 to the American Museum of Natural History), U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX09AK19G and NNX09AK20G to the American Museum of Natural History), and U.S. National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration (NA04OAR4700191, NA05SEC4691002 to the American Museum of Natural History). We thank the Global Biodiversity In- formation Facility (GBIF) for supporting the series of global training courses (2004–2007) that assembled most of the authors of this book and initiated our discussions. We thank the Centro de Referência em Informação Ambiental (Brazil) and Landcare Research (New Zealand) for hosting Peterson on re- search visits during which signifi cant portions of the book were prepared. More personally, we thank numerous colleagues for intriguing discussions and debates that helped to clarify and solidify these ideas. In particular, in this vein, we thank Narayani Barve, Bastian Bentlage, Catherine Graham, Robert Guralnick, Alberto Jiménez-Valverde, Daniel Lew, Jorge Lobo, Sean Maher,
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