Ecological Methods PDF
Preview Ecological Methods
cover next page > title: Ecological Methods author: Southwood, Richard.; Henderson, P. A. publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. isbn10 | asin: 0632054778 print isbn13: 9780632054770 ebook isbn13: 9780632061518 language: English subject Ecology--Technique, Animal populations. publication date: 2000 lcc: QH541.28.S68 2000eb ddc: 577/.028 subject: Ecology--Technique, Animal populations. cover next page > < previous page page_iii next page > Page iii Ecological Methods T.R.E. Southwood Kt, DSc, PhD, FRS Lineacre Professor of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford P.A. Henderson PhD Pisces Conservation Limited, IRC House, The Square, Pennington, Lymington, Hants Third Edition This book has an active website that provides additional illustrations, details of equipment and computer programs as well as references to work published since the manuscript was completed. The site is located at http://www.blackwell-science.com/southwood < previous page page_iii next page > < previous page page_iv next page > Page iv © 2000 by T.R.E. Southwood and P.A. Henderson Published by Blackwell Science Ltd Editorial Offices: Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 0EL 25 John Street, London WC1N 2BL 23 Ainslie Place, Edinburgh EH3 6AJ 350 Main Street, Malden MA 02148-5018, USA 54 University Street, Carlton Victoria 3053, Australia 10, rue Casimir Delavigne 75006 Paris, France Other Editorial Offices: Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag GmbH Kurfürstendamm 57 10707 Berlin, Germany Blackwell Science KK MG Kodenmacho Building 7 10 Kodenmacho Nihombashi Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104, Japan First published 1966 by Methuen & Co Ltd Second edition published 1978 by Chapman & Hall Third edition published 2000 by Blackwell Science Ltd Set by Excel Typesetters Co., Hong Kong Printed and bound in Great Britan at the University Press, Cambridge. The Blackwell Science logo is a trade mark of Blackwell Science Ltd, registered at the United Kingdom Trade Marks Registry The right of the authors to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 0-632-05477-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data Southwood, Richard, Sir. Ecological methods / T.R.E. Southwood. 3rd ed. / revised by P.A. Henderson and T.R.E. Southwood. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-632-05477-8 1. Ecology Technique. 2. Animal populations. I. Henderson, P.A. II. Title. QH541.28.S68 2000 577'.028 dc21 99-39859 CIP DISTRIBUTORS Marston Book Services Ltd PO Box 269 Abingdon Oxon OX14 4YN (Orders: Tel 01235 465500 Fax 01235 465555) USA Blackwell Science, Inc. Commerce Place 350 Main Street Malden, MA 02148-5018 (Orders: Tel 800 759 6102 781 388 8250 Fax 781 388 8255) Canada Login Brothers Book Company 324 Saulteaux Crescent Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3T2 Canada, L4W 4P7 (Orders: Tel 204 837 2987) Australia Blackwell Science Pty Ltd 54 University Street Carlton, Victoria 3053 (Orders: Tel 3 9347 0300 Fax 3 9347 5001) For further information on Blackwell Science, visit our website: www.blackwell-science.com < previous page page_iv next page > < previous page page_v next page > Page v Contents Prefaces xi 1 Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations 1 2 1.1 Population Estimates 2 1.1.1 Absolute and Related Estimates 3 1.1.2 Relative Estimates 4 1.1.3 Population Indices 4 1.2 Errors and Confidence 5 References 2 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement and Description of Dispersion 7 7 2.1 Preliminary Sampling 7 2.1.1 Planning and Fieldwork 10 2.1.2 Statistical Aspects 15 2.2 The Sampling Programme 15 2.2.1 The Number of Samples Per Habitat Unit (e.g. Plant, Host, or Puddle) 18 2.2.2 The Sampling Unit, its Selection, Size, and Shape 20 2.2.3 The Number of Samples 23 2.2.4 The Pattern of Sampling 25 2.2.5 The Timing of Sampling 26 2.3 Data Processing 27 2.4 Jackknife and Bootstrap Techniques 29 2.5 Dispersion 29 2.5.1 Mathematical Distributions that Serve as Models 42 2.5.2 Biological Interpretation of Dispersion Parameters 50 2.5.3 Nearest-Neighbour and Related Techniques: Measures of Departure from Randomness of the Distribution 53 2.6 Sequential Sampling 53 2.6.1 Sampling Numbers 57 2.6.2 Presence or Absence Sampling 59 2.6.3 Sampling a Fauna 62 References 3 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture Recapture Experiments 73 74 3.1 Capture Recapture Methods 75 3.1.1 Assumptions Common to Most Methods 82 3.1.2 Estimating Closed Populations 88 3.1.3 Estimations for Open Populations < previous page page_v next page > < previous page page_vi next page > Page vi 102 3.2 Methods of Marking Animals 104 3.2.1 Handling Techniques 106 3.2.2 Release 107 3.2.3 Surface Marks Using Paints and Solutions of Dyes 112 3.2.4 Dyes and Fluorescent Substances in Powder Form 114 3.2.5 Marking Formed by Ingestion or Absorption of Dyes 115 3.2.6 Marking by Injection, Panjet, or Tattooing 116 3.2.7 External Tags 117 3.2.8 Branding 118 3.2.9 Mutilation 118 3.2.10 Natural Marks, Parasites, and Genes 119 3.2.11 Rare Elements 120 3.2.12 Radioactive Isotopes 127 3.2.13 Radio and Sonic Tags 127 References 4 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat: Air, Plants, Plant Products, and Vertebrate Hosts 141 141 4.1 Sampling From the Air 142 4.1.1 Sampling Apparatus 145 4.1.2 Rotary and Other Traps 146 4.1.3 Comparison and Efficiencies of the Different Types of Suction Traps 147 4.1.4 Conversion of Catch to Aerial Density 147 4.1.5 Conversion of Density to Total Aerial Population 148 4.2 Sampling from Plants 149 4.2.1 Assessing the Plant 150 4.2.2 Determining the Numbers of Invertebrates 167 4.2.3 Special Sampling Problems with Animals in Plant Material 167 4.3 Sampling from Vertebrate Hosts 168 4.3.1 Sampling from Living Hosts 170 4.3.2 Sampling from Dead Hosts 171 4.3.3 Sampling from Vertebrate 'Homes' 172 References 5
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