Ecological Methodology

680 Pages·1·23.351 MB·English

by  Charles J. Krebs

Digitized by the Internet Archive
2014
in
https://archive.org/details/ecologicalmethodOOchar

Ecological Methodology

Ecological
Methodology
Charles Krebs
J.
University of British Columbia
1817
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Ecological Methodology
Copyright © 1989 by CharlesJ. Krebs
Allrightsreserved. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. Nopartofthisbookmaybeusedorreproduced
in any manner whatsoeverwithout written permission, except in the caseofbriefquotationsembodied in
critical articlesand reviews. For information address Harper& Row, Publishers. Inc.. 10 East 53rd Street.
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Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data
Kxebs, CharlesJ.
Ecological methodology/Charles J. Krebs.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-06-043784-7
—
1. Ecology Statistical methods. I. Title.
QH541.15.S72K74 1989 88-19838
574.5'072—del9 CIP
88 89 90 91 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface xi
CHAPTER
1
Ecological Data 1
1.1 Scales ofMeasurement 2
1.2 Statistical Inference 5
1.3 Data Records 8
PART ONE ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE
IN
ANIMAL AND PLANT
POPULATIONS
11
CHAPTER 2
Estimating Abundance: Mark-and-Recapture
Techniques 15
2.1 Petersen Method 16
2.1.1 Confidence Intervals 17
2.1.2 Sample Size Estimation 22
2.1.3 Assumptions ofPetersen Method 27
2.2 Schnabel Method 30
2.2.1 Confidence Intervals 32
2.2.2 Assumptions ofSchnabel Method 35
2.3 Jolly-Seber Method 37
2.3.1 Confidence Intervals 41
2.3.2 Assumptions ofJolly-Seber Method 43
2.4 Tests ofEqual Catchability 43
2.4.1 Cormack's Test ofEqual Catchability 44
2.4.2 Zero-Truncated Poisson Test ofEqual
Catchability 47
2.4.3 Chapman's Test ofEqual Catchability 49
2.4.4 Leslie's Test ofEqual Catchability ofMarked
Animals 50
2.4.5 Leslie, Chitty, and Chitty Test ofEqual
Catchability 53
2.5 What To Do IfNothing Works 57
2.6 Summary 59
5
CONTENTS
Vi
CHAPTER
3
Estimating Abundance: Quadrat Counts and Line
Transects 64
3.1 Quadrat Size and Shape 64
3.1.1 Wiegert's Method 68
3.1.2 Hendricks' Method 68
3.2 Statistical Distributions 72
3.2.1 Poisson Distribution 73
3.2.2 Negative Binomial Distribution 81
3.3 Aerial Surveys ofWildlife Populations 93
3.3.1 Correcting for Bias in Aerial Surveys 98
3.3.2 Sampling in Aerial Surveys 104
3.4 Line Transects 113
3.4.1 Hayne Estimator 1 1
3.4.2 Fourier Series Estimator 118
3.5 Summary 121
CHAPTER 4
Estimating Abundance: Distance Methods and
Removal Methods 125
4.1 Methods forSpatial Maps 126
4.1.1 Nearest-Neighbor Distance Methods 126
4.1.2 Distances to Second to nth Nearest Neighbors 129
4.1.3 More Sophisticated Techniques forSpatial
Maps 132
4.2 Distance Methods for Larger Areas 136
4.2.1 Byth and Ripley Procedure 136
4.2.2 T-Square Sampling Procedure 141
4.2.3 Other Distance Methods 144
4.3 Indices ofDispersion 148
4.3.1 Indices ofDispersion forQuadrat Counts 148
4.3.2 Indices ofDispersion for Distance Measures 154
4.4 Exploited Population Techniques 155
4.4.1 Change-in-Ratio Methods 155
4.4.2 Catch-Effort Methods 162
4.5 Summary 166
PART TWO SAMPLING AND EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN 171
CHAPTER
5
Sample Size Determination 173
5.1 Continuous Variables 174
5.1.1 Means from a Normal Distribution 174