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Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology Naga Raju Maddela Aransiola Sesan Abiodun Ram Prasad Editors Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology SeriesEditor RamPrasad,DepartmentofBotany,MahatmaGandhiCentralUniversity,Motihari, Bihar,India Innovative and novel advances in microbial biotechnology are providing great understandings in to the machineries of nature, presenting fascinating prospects to apply principles of biology to different arenas of science. Sustainable elucidations are emerging to address the concerns on improving crop productivity through microbes, depleting natural resources, environmental pollution, microbial degrada- tion of pollutants, nanomaterials, nanotoxicity & safety issues, safety of food & agriculturalproductsetc.Simultaneously,thereisanincreasingdemandfornatural bio-products of therapeutic and industrial significance (in the areas of healthcare, environmental remediation, microbial biotechnology). Growing awareness and an increasedattentiononenvironmentalissuessuchasclimatechange,energyuse,and lossofnon-renewableresourceshavecarriedoutasuperiorqualityforresearchthat provides potential solutions to these problems. Emerging microbiome approaches potentially can significantly increase agriculture productivity & human healthcare andhenceforthcancontributetomeetseveralsustainabledevelopmentgoals. The main objectives have provided an impetus for research on plants and microorganismsthatproducenovelbio-productswithvariablepropertiesandunder- standingtheirmechanismsofactionatcellularandmolecularlevel.Hence,research activities of the environmental and microbial Biotechnology are comprehensively focused up on major sectors viz., bioresources, biorefining, bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants, environmental risk analysis of microorganisms, environmental assessment using microbiological indicators, enzymes for environment, food & industrial applications, nanomaterials & nanotoxicity, sustainable ecobiotechnology, biofertilizer, biocontrol agents for agriculture improvement and naturalproductsforhealthcareapplications. This book series is a state-of-the-art for a wide range of scientists, researchers, students, policy makers and academician involve in understanding and implementing the knowledge on environmental and microbial biotechnology to develop biologics for proper health care to continue life in smooth and sustainable strategywithoutanyadverseeffect. (cid:129) (cid:129) Naga Raju Maddela Aransiola Sesan Abiodun Ram Prasad Editors Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology Editors NagaRajuMaddela AransiolaSesanAbiodun FacultaddeCienciasdelaSalud BioresourcesDevelopmentCentre UniversidadTécnicadeManabí NationalBiotechnologyDevelopmentAgency Portoviejo,Ecuador Ogbomoso,Nigeria RamPrasad DepartmentofBotany MahatmaGandhiUniversity Bihar,India ISSN2662-1681 ISSN2662-169X (electronic) EnvironmentalandMicrobialBiotechnology ISBN978-981-19-0154-6 ISBN978-981-19-0155-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0155-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword Microbial technology is an important aspect to make the environment sustainable. ThepresenteditedvolumeentitledEcologicalInterplaysinMicrobialEnzymologyis theonethathelpsintheachievementofenvironmentalsustainabilityasthisbookis highlyinstructiveinthefieldofmicrobialenzymology.Themostextensivelystudied and very interesting biocatalysts are “microbial enzymes” as they do offer undisputableadvantagesoverchemicalcatalysts.Microbialenzymeshaveagreater selectivityintheiraction,canbeusedinmildreactionconditionsandhavespecificity forwidersubstrates.Forthesereasons,microbialenzymeshaveagreatimportancein many fields, like chemical, fermentation, agricultural, pharmaceuticals and food production.However,littleisknownabouttheecologicalrolesofmicrobialenzymes indifferentenvironmentalmediasuchassoil,sediments,aquaticsystems(freshwater andmarine)andotherextremeenvironments.Also,howmicrobialenzymeactivities are regulated by environmental factors and what is the pollution burden on the microbialenzymesindifferentenvironmentsarepoorlyunderstood.Suchknowledge gapslimittheusageofmicrobialenzymesforenvironmentalsustainability.Thebook Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology is a good collection of series of independentchapterswhichpresentindepthinsightsoverseveralissuesonmicrobial enzymes and their role in the environment. This book focuses on distribution of v vi Foreword microbialenzymesintheenvironment,roleofmicrobialenzymesinenvironmental sustainabilityandimpactofenvironmentaldisturbancesonmicrobialenzymes.Iam oftheopinionthattheabovefocusedareasdoprovidegreatinsightsovermicrobial enzymes and do fill the knowledge gaps that limit the implications of microbial enzymesforenvironmentalsustainability. UniversidadTécnicadeManabí, VicenteVélizBriones Portoviejo,Ecuador 12December2021 Preface This book titled Ecological Interplays in Microbial Enzymology was structured in providing updated scientific information in microbial enzymology. Products pro- ducedbymicroorganismsareleadingproducersofusefulnaturalproducts.Natural products from microbes and plants make excellent products and solve vital problems. Significant portions of the microbial genomes are devoted to production of these useful metabolites including enzymes. Enzymes are natural catalysts, which areuniversallyfoundinalllivingorganisms.Theymaybeusedeitherforbuilding morecomplexmoleculesfromsimpleonesorforselectivebreakdownofamixture of larger molecules. Hence, there are multipleecological interplays that have tobe reviewed. Therefore, this book in its present form has been designed so that researchers/scientistscanbewellawareabouttheinterplaysinmicrobialenzymol- ogyintheenvironments. Thisbooktakesintoconsiderationcurrentinteractionsofmicroorganismwiththe environments. We are fully aware that the distinction of life on earth is vaguely connectedtothegeneralqualityoftheenvironment.Theincreasingawarenessofthe environment we live in is bringing about a more exhaustive search for alternative cleaner technologies. Currently, there are two fundamental pollution-related problems: the disposal of the large quantities of wastes that are continually being produced, and the removal of toxic compounds that have been accumulating at dump sites in the soils and in water systems over the last few decades. Just one microorganismcancontainover1000differentenzymes.Hence,thecriticalreview ofapplicationsandecologicalinterplaysoftheseenzymesareofnecessity. Considering the wide interplay of these microbial enzymes, the book echoes relevantnewareasinthestudyandrecentdevelopmentsmadebyresearchersacross theglobeontheinteractionsofmicrobialenzymesacrossallhabitats.Thisbookalso hasbeenpremeditatedtoserveasasourceofinformationhubaboutmodernsciences of microbial enzymology and their general environmental relationship to students andresearchersofthisfield.Tounfoldtheimportanceofthisbooktitle,3partshave been designed with 18 chapters: Part I: Microbial Enzymes—Distribution in the Environment; Part II: Microbial Enzymes—Role in the Environmental vii viii Preface Sustainability; and Part III: Impact of Environmental Disturbances on Microbial Enzymes. Part I consists of 8 chapters. Chapter 1 provides a general overview on microbialenzymes.Chapter2revealsthediversityofmicrobialenzymesinthesoil ecosystem. Chapter 3 of this part describes microbial enzymes of wastewater and sludge. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 inform about the occurrence and distribution of microbial enzymes of fresh water, an overview of marine microbial enzymes, hydrolyticenzymesproducingbacteriafromAlgerianhotsprings:attractiveindus- trial molecules, enzymology of microbial biofilms and changes in the attributes of the oxisol “Arenito caiuá” after the use of the crop–livestock integration system, respectively. Part IIconsistsof7chapters,microbialenzymes:role insoilfertility, microbialenzymesintherecyclingofwastes,soilmicrobialenzymesandmitigation of heavy metals uptake by plants, communities of microbial enzymes and biodeg- radation of persistent environmental pollutants, implication of enzymes in the adaptation of extremophilic microbes, applications of microbial enzymes in indus- triesandmedicineandmicrobialenzymesinthebiosynthesisofmetalnanoparticles. PartIIIconsistsof4chapters,whichfocusesontheeffectofagrochemicalsonsoil microbialenzymes,effectsofaquatic(freshwaterandmarine)pollutiononmicrobial enzyme activities, in silico analysis of biochemical pathways in bacterial enzyme synthesis and the last chapter of this book, i.e. Chap. 19, microbial enzymes for sustainable development—future guidelines. The chapters were contributed by 56 academicians/scientists from 10 different countries (Algeria, Brazil, Canada, Ecuador,Ghana,India,Malaysia,Nigeria,PakistanandTurkey)acrosstheworld. Portoviejo,Ecuador NagaRajuMaddela Ogbomoso,Nigeria AransiolaSesanAbiodun Motihari,Bihar,India RamPrasad Acknowledgements It is our great honour to acknowledge the support of the authors for their valuable contributionandtimelyresponsesforthesuccessofthisproject.Allcontributorsare immenselyappreciatedfortheireagernessandinordinatesupportforthisvolumeto be ready in the scheduled time; we, therefore, appreciate their teamwork and partnership.Wealsothanktheanonymousreviewersfortheirconstructivecriticism, which had helped us in improving the quality of this book by inviting experts to contribute the additional chapters. We greatly acknowledge the Springer Editorial andProductionteamfortheirrespectedsupport;withouttheirguidelines,thisproject wouldnotbefinishedinsuchaveryshorttime.Itisanhonesthonourandprivilege to work with them all. Finally, yet importantly, we are very much thankful to the colleagues at Universidad Técnica de Manabí (Ecuador), National Biotechnology DevelopmentAgency(Nigeria)andMahatmaGandhiCentralUniversity(India)for theirunrestrictedbackingandfortheestablishmentoftreasuredpropositionsatthe timeofbookproposalandfinalbookpreparation. ix