Ecological Impact of GMO Dissemination in Agro-Ecosystems

218 Pages·2003·2.09 MB·German

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ISBN 3-85076-631-4
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www.facultas.at
T. Lelley, E. Balázs, and M. Tepfer (Eds.)
Ecological Impact of GMO Dissemination in Agro-Ecosystems
Ecological Impact of GMO
Dissemination in
Agro-Ecosystems
This publication is based on presentations
at an
International OECD Workshop held in
Grossrussbach, Austria
September 27-28, 2002
Edited by
Tamás Lelley, Ervin Balázs, and Mark Tepfer
TULLN

Facultas
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Facultas Universitätsverlag
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Verbreitung sowie der Übersetzung sind vorbehalten.
Druck: Facultas Verlags- und Buchhandels AG
Printed in Austria
ISBN 3-85076-631-4
PREFACE

These Proceedings evolved from the OECD Cooperative Research
programme workshop on "Ecological impact of GMO Dissemination in
Agro-ecosystems", held at Grossrussbach, Austria on 27-28 September 2002.
The OECD Cooperative research programme for "Biological Resource
Management" has existed since 1990. It focuses on work in four specific
areas, one of which is "New agricultural products for sustainable farming and
industry" (Theme 1). This theme includes new approaches and possibilities
for production of valuable materials and substances within agricultural
systems, which could have large-scale effect at the farm level and for farming
communities as a whole. It proposes to widen the variety of goods offered by
the agricultural producers, and to encourage and increase opportunities to
manage engineered crops, including raw materials for the fine chemical
industry.
The topic areas include:
transgenic organisms in agriculture
new plant protection strategies for sustainable agriculture
engineered non-food crops
energy crops
production of specialty crops with potential wide-scale importance
novel ways to utilise and recycle agricultural wastes
molecular farming for speciality products.
The other themes are "Quality of animal products and safety of food",
"Enhancing environmental quality in agricultural systems" and "Connecting
scientific progress to sustainable and integrated agro-food systems".
The activities promoted by this programme are post-doctoral fellowships
(announced annually) and the organisation of expert workshops (1-2
workshops per Theme per year). Currently participating countries in the
programme are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Korea, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak
Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and the
United States.
For further information about the OECD program, contact Dr. Françoise
Coudert, Head of the Programme, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and
Fisheries, OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, F-75775, Paris Cedex France (e-mail:
[email protected]), or consult the Internet site of the OECD
(http//www.oecd.org/agr/prog)/.
5
The workshop on the dissemination of GMOs in agro-ecosystems was
motivated by the increasing use of genetically modified organisms both in
contained use and in deliberate releases. GMO use in agricultural settings is
spectacularly increasing at the global scale (19 % in 2001 up to 51.7 million
hectares), yet controversy remains concerning their potential impact in agro-
ecosystems. One of the points that many believe requires further enquiry is
the question of the fate of GMOs, and more precisely of the transgenes they
bear, in the environment. Our major concern was to convene those experts
who are world-wide most actively working in this field, in the expectation
that on the basis of their latest results we will be able to separate facts from
fictions, anticipating that this will be of use to the decision makers and
legislators responsible for releases.
Grossrussbach, September 27, 2002.

Ervin Balázs
(Theme 1 Coordinator)
Agricultural Biotechnology Center
Environmental Biosafety Research Institute
Szent-Györgyi A street 4.
H-2101 Gödöllö, Hungary

6
PREFACE.……………………………………………………………………...5
E. Balázs
Contents……………………………… ……………………………...7
Genetically modified microbes

DESIGNING IMPROVED GM BACTERIA FOR APPLICATION
IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY.……………………...……………...11
G. L. Mark, J. P. Morrissey, and F. O’Gara
IMPACT OF MARKER AND FUNCTIONAL GENES
ON SOILS AND PLANTS……………………………………………….....……25
J. M. Lynch
DISSEMINATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROORGANISMS
IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS – CASE STUDIES FOR IDENTIFYING
RISK POTENTIALS ……………………………………………..………….…31
Ch. C. Tebbe
WHAT DID WE LEARN FROM 24 FIELD RELEASES OF GMMS IN ITALY?….…45
M. P. Nuti, A. Russo, A. Toffanin, S. Casella, V. Corich,
A. Squartini, A. Giacomin, U. Peruch, and M. Basaglia
Gene flow in genetically modified plants
GENE FLOW IN HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS):
THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE……………………………………………..…57
L. Hall, A. Good, H. J. Beckie, and S. I. Warwick
GENE FLOW FROM OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS) AND BEET
(BETA VULGARIS) TO WILD RELATIVES: EFFECTS OF HERBICIDE
TOLERANT CULTIVARS…………………………………………………..…..67
R. B. Jørgensen, T. P. Hauser, L. B. Hansen, H. R. Siegismund,
and B. Andersen
TRANSGENIC HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS: WHAT MAKES
THE DIFFERENCE?…………………………………………….…….….……77
H. Darmency
Genetically modified virus-resistant plants
ECOLOGICAL RISKS OF TRANSGENIC VIRUS-RESISTANT CROPS………….…91
A. G. Power
7
CHARACTERISATION OF TRANSGENIC FRUIT TREES AND ANALYSES
OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS………………...….101
M. Laimer
ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF GENE FLOW FROM CULTIVARS TO
WILD RELATIVES: RHIZOMANIA RESISTANCE GENES IN THE
GENUS BETA………………………………………………………………..115
D. Bartsch, A. Hoffmann, M. Lehnen, and U. Wehres
COMMERCIALIZATION OF TRANSGENIC PAPAYA: WEIGHING BENEFITS
AND POTENTIAL RISKS……………………………………………………..131
D. Gonsalves
Bacillus thuringiensis
INSECT RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TOXINS…………………141
J. Ferré
BT CORN: IMPACT ON NON-TARGETS AND ADJUSTING TO LOCAL IPM
SYSTEMS………………………………………………………………..….157
J. Kiss, F. Szentkirályi, F. Tóth, Á. Szénási, F. Kádár,
K. Árpás, D. Szekeres, and C. R. Edwards
EFFECTS OF A BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS (BT) TRANSGENE ON THE
FECUNDITY AND ABUNDANCE OF WEEDS: A CASE STUDY OF
SUNFLOWER………………………………………………………………..173
D. Pilson, A. A. Snow, L. H. Rieseberg, and H. M. Alexander
General concepts
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF
TRANSGENIC PLANTS………………………………………………..……..193
A. Hilbeck, and D. Andow
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON , ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF GMO
DISSEMINATION IN AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS …………………………………...213
M. Tepfer, E. Balázs, and T. Lelley
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS…………………………………..……………...….217
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Genetically modified microbes