Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao PDF
Preview Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao
Springer Environmental Science and Engineering Kampeng Lei Shaoqi Zhou Zhishi Wang Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao Springer Environmental Science and Engineering Forfurthervolumes: www.springer.com/series/10177 Kampeng Lei (cid:2) Shaoqi Zhou (cid:2) Zhishi Wang Ecological Emergy Accounting for a Limited System: General Principles and a Case Study of Macao KampengLei ZhishiWang MacauScienceandTechnologyAssociation FacultyofScienceandTechnology Macao,People’sRepublicofChina TheUniversityofMacau Macao,People’sRepublicofChina ShaoqiZhou CollegeofEnvironmentalScienceand Energy SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology Guangzhou,People’sRepublicofChina and GuizhouAcademyofSciences Guiyang,People’sRepublicofChina ISSN2194-3214 ISSN2194-3222(electronic) ISBN978-3-642-45169-0 ISBN978-3-642-45170-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-45170-6 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon JointlypublishedwithSciencePress,Beijing ISBN:978-7-03-038271-9SciencePress,Beijing LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013958393 ©SciencePress,BeijingandSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispub- licationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublishers’ locations,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Per- missionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpubli- cation,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublisherscanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforany errorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishersmakenowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespect tothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface InDecember2000,theconference“NewChallengeofEco-cityDevelopmentin21st Century”washeldinMacaobytheEcologicalSocietyofChina.Atthisconference, oneofus(Lei)firstencounteredthetheoryofecologicaleconomics.Sincethen,Lei hasbecomeincreasinglyconcernedaboutthesustainabilityofhishomecity,Macao. Macaoisacitywithadensepopulationthatdependsheavilyonexogenousnatural resources,butbenefitsgreatlyfromthegamblingandtourismincomethatflowsinto thecity.Residentsbenefitgreatlyfromthehighnetinfluxofmaterialsandenergy intoMacao,andasaresultoftheseinflows,thestandardoflivingofthecitizenshas steadilyincreasedduringthepast30years. However, there are concerns over whether the city’s rapid development is sus- tainable. Sustainable development combines concerns about the carrying capacity of the natural systems that sustain human systems with concerns about the social challenges faced by humanity, and particularly the need for socioeconomic devel- opment.Fordevelopmenttobesustainable,itmustmeettheneedsbothofhumans andofthenaturalenvironment.TostudyMacao’ssustainability,itwasnecessaryto choose an approach and a system of metrics that could relate the natural environ- ment’s flows to those of the socioeconomic system. Based on a careful review of theliterature,Leichoseemergysynthesis.Emergysynthesismeasurestheflowsof materials,energy,commodities,money,andservices,andcaneasilyquantifythese values within a common analytical framework that integrates all the flows and al- lows direct comparisons among them. The clear advantage of emergy synthesis is thatitcombinesthemostinsightfulfeaturesoftheecologicalandeconomicmethods ofanalysis,therebyprovidingacompletepictureofthehumanandenvironmental meaningoftheflows. Inthisbook,wehaveusedtheemergysynthesisapproachtodevelopanaccount- ing model that is suitable for describing systems with relatively clear boundaries, suchasanurbansystem,therebyprovidingacomprehensivepictureofthesystem. Ourbookhaseightchapters,andisorganizedasfollows: Chapter 1 gives a general introduction to the basic theoretical background for emergyaccountingandrelatedfields,anddefinesmanyofthekeyparametersand indicatorsusedinemergystudies. v vi Preface Chapter 2 first presents a detailed emergy accounting for Macao in 2004, fol- lowedbya timeseries oftheemergyflowsinMacao’ssystemfrom 1983to 2004 andacomparisonwithItalyandSwedentoputthesevaluesinperspective.Finally, wepresentastatisticalanalysisofMacao’semergy-basedindicators. Chapter3presentstheresultsofsimulatingMacao’ssystemusingtheSTELLA dynamicmodelingsoftwaretoinvestigateandcharacterizetheevolutionanddevel- opmentofMacao’snaturalandsocioeconomicsystemsfrom1983to2003.Based onthesimulationresults,wealsopredicttheevolutionofthesesystemsinthecom- ing20yearsanditsrelationshipwiththeongoinglandreclamationfromtheseathat isoccurringinMacao. Chapter4focusesonanemergyaccountingforthecity’stourismindustry.First, weintroducethehistoricalevolutionandeconomiccontributionsofthetourismin- dustry,followedbyadetailedemergycalculationandassessmentofitscontributions andimpactsfrom1983to2004.Finally,wedeterminethenetemergyforMacao’s tourismindustryanddrawconclusionsaboutthissector’simpacts. InChap.5,weanalyzetheemergyflowsinthegamblingsector.Gamblingand relatedtourismactivitiesrepresentaspecialformofeconomicandsocietalactivity, andhavebeencrucialtoMacao’ssuccess. Chapter6describesadetailedemergyaccountingofwastetreatmentinMacao, including some pioneering efforts to include previously neglected flows such as gaseousemissions.Wedescribetherelatedfeedbackratiosforsolidwastes,sewage, and gaseous emissions and use the results to determine the efficiency of Macao’s wastetreatmentandcalculatethetransformitiesofthesewastesusingMacao’swaste dischargedata. Chapter 7 shows how a comparison of the carrying capacity of a city’s or a region’s natural resources with the consumption of these resources at regional or global scales can reveal the system’s sustainability. To illustrate how this compar- ison works in practice, we performed a case study of 17 representative countries, using data obtained from the National Environmental Accounting Database, and the results confirmed that to ensure long-term sustainability, it will be necessary tocontrolpopulationincreases,reduceemergyconsumption,andpromoteemergy efficiency. Chapter8providesafinalsummaryofthepreviouschapters,andidentifiesprob- lemsthatwillrequireadditionalresearch,aswellassomeshortcomingsoftheeco- logicalenergyaccountingapproach.Itconcludeswitharesearchoutlookforfuture researchers. Thisbookisintendedforreaderswhowanttolearnmoreabouthowhybridnat- ural and socioeconomic systems function. This includes researchers and graduate studentsworkinginthefieldsofsystemsecology,energyaccounting,environmental management,andrelatedareas.Readerswillobtainacomprehensiveunderstanding ofthemethodologyofemergysynthesis,andofthedilemmasthatgovernmentplan- nersfaceasaresultoftheneedtosustainsocioeconomicdevelopmentwhileprotect- ingtheenvironment,whichwillultimatelyleadtosustainablesocioeconomicdevel- opment.Wehopethatbymakingthisbookavailabletostudentsandresearchers,we willpromotethedevelopmentofemergyanalysisskillsandincreaseknowledgeof Preface vii theimportanceofecologicalenergyaccounting.Wealsohopethatreaderswillbe motivatedtofindwaystoimproveonthemethodswedescribeinthisbook. WegratefullyacknowledgetheassistanceofProfessorS.L.Huangof“National” Taipei University, Dr. H. F. Lu of the South China Botanical Garden of the Chi- nese Academy of Sciences, and Professor S. Ulgiati of Parthenope University of Napoli,Italy,fortheirconstructivecriticismofandcommentsonearlyversionsof our manuscripts. We are also grateful for the efforts of the anonymous journal re- viewers who rigorously critiqued the journal manuscripts that form the basis for the chapters of this book. We also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Dr. S. SweeneyoftheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,forprovidingthebasicNational EnvironmentalAccountingDatabasedatausedinourtechnicalanalysisinChap.7, andforansweringourquestionsaboutsomecategoriesinthecalculations. We thank the University of Macau, the South China University of Technology and the Guizhou Academy of Sciences for providing us with access to their rich researchresourcesandwithhelpfulsupportinmanyareasduringourresearchand during the writing of this book. During the past 10 years we have received much professionalandpersonalsupportandencouragementfrompeoplewhoaretoonu- meroustolisthere.Wethankallofthem. We are grateful for the financial support for our research from the Science and TechnologyDevelopmentFundofMacau(grant022/2007/A2),MacaoSpecialAd- ministrative Region, China; from the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Build- ingSciences,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology(grant2012ZB06,2013ZC03); the National Natural Science Foundation (21277052); and from the University of Macau.WealsothanktheMacaoFoundationforsponsoringourpublication. Macau,China KampengLei Guangzhou,China ShaoqiZhou ZhishiWang Contents 1 EmergySynthesisandEcologicalEnergyAccounting . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 TheEvolutionfromSystemsTheorytoEmergy . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 EnergySystemDiagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.3 EmergyValuesandTheirTransformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 TheEcologicalEnergyCalculationMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4.1 DefinitionsofExergy,Emergy,andTransformity . . . . . 9 1.4.2 GeneralEmergyCalculationMethod . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 IndicesUsedinEmergySynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.6 EmergyBalanceandStorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.7 EcologicalEnergyAccountingforTourism . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 EcologicalEnergyAccountingforMacao’sSocioeconomicand EcologicalSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 SocialandEconomicCharacteristicsofMacao . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 EmergySynthesisforMacao’sEco-economicSystemin2004 . . 30 2.3 ComparisonoftheEmergy-BasedIndicesofFiveCities . . . . . 38 2.3.1 ComparisonoftheEmergyComponents . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.2 EmergyDensity,EmergyUse,andFuelUseperPerson . 42 2.3.3 E /$RatioandEmergyInvestmentRate(EIR) . . . . . 43 m 2.3.4 EmergyExchangeRatio(EER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.3.5 RenewableResourcesProportion(%Ren),Emergy SustainabilityIndex(ESI),andNetEmergyRatio(NER) 45 2.4 TimeSeriesforMacao’sEmergyandEmergy-BasedIndices. . . 45 2.4.1 TheComponentsofEmergyUse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.4.2 PerCapitaElectricityEmergy,FuelEmergy,andEmergy Density(U/area) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.4.3 %RenandEmergySelf-sufficiencyRatio(ESR) . . . . . 50 2.4.4 EmergyExchangeRatio(EER)andEmergyYieldRatio (EYR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ix x Contents 2.4.5 TotalEmergyUsed(U),EmergyMoneyRatio(E /$), m ProportionofWasteEmergy(W),andPerCapitaEmergy Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.4.6 EmergyInvestmentRatio(EIR),EnvironmentalLoading Ratio(ELR),andEmergySustainabilityIndex(ESI) . . . 53 2.4.7 NetEmergy(NE)andtheNetEmergyRatio(NER) . . . 54 2.5 TimeSeriesforEmergyFlowsofItaly,Sweden,andMacao ofChina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.5.1 %Ren. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.5.2 EmergyUsePerCapita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.5.3 EmergyMoneyRatio(E /$) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 m 2.5.4 IntegratedEmergyIndex:TheEnvironmental SustainabilityIndex(ESI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.5.5 StorageIndices:NEandNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.6 StatisticalAnalysesofEmergy-BasedIndicatorsofMacao . . . . 62 2.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3 EmergySynthesisandSimulationforMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1 IntroductiontoEcologicalEmergyAccountinginaSystem DynamicsContext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 3.2 SimulationMethodologyUsingtheSTELLAModelingSoftware 69 3.3 LandUseandReclamationinMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.4 SimulationResultsandAnalyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4 EmergyAnalysisfor TourismSystems: Principlesanda Case StudyforMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1 IntroductiontoEcologicalEmergyAccountingforTourism . . . 87 4.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.1 ApproachesUsedinTourismEmergyAccounting . . . . 88 4.2.2 TwoEmergyFlowsforTourism:WhatYouPaidforand WhatYouGot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.3 EmergyAnalysisandDiscussion:ACaseStudyofTourism inMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.3.1 IntroductiontoTourisminMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 4.3.2 EmergyAccountingforMacao’sTourismSector . . . . . 94 4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5 EcologicalEnergyAccountingfortheGamblingSector:ACase StudyinMacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.1 IntroductiontoMacao’sGamblingSector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2 AnOverviewofMacaoandItsGamblingSector . . . . . . . . . 108 5.3 StudyMethodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.4 ResultsandDiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
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