Echoes of a Prophet: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in Literature of the Second Temple Period (Library Of New Testament Studies)

257 Pages·2004·10.24 MB·English

by  Gary T.

l i b r a r y o f n e w t e s t a m e n t s t u d i e s
EchoES of A
ProPhET
The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and
in Literature of the Second Temple Period

Gary T. ManninG Jr
JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT
SUPPLEMENT SERIES
270
Editor
Mark Goodacre
Editorial Board
John M.G. Barclay, Craig Blomberg, Elizabeth A. Castelli,
Kathleen E. Corley, R. Alan Culpepper, James D.G. Dunn,
Craig A. Evans, Stephen Fowl, Robert Fowler, Simon J. Gathercole,
Michael Labahn, Robert Wall, Robert L.Webb

Echoes of a Prophet
The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in
Literature of the Second Temple Period
Gary T. Manning Jr
T&.T CLARK INTERNATIONAL
A Continuum imprint
L O N D ON • N EW Y O RK
Copyright 2004 T&T Clark International
A Continuum imprint
Published by T&T Clark International
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Typeset by Tradespools, Frome, Somerset
EISBN 9780567080868
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
Abbreviations ix
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION AND METHOD 1
1. Previous Work on Ezekiel's Influence on John 2
2. Intertextuality 3
3. Methodology 7
4. Focus of this Work 19
5. Conventions 20
6. Outline of the Book 20
Chapter 2
THE USE OF EZEKIEL IN THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS 22
1. History, Identity, and Eschatology of the Community 23
2. Epithets for the Community and its Enemies 59
3. Imitating Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1, 10, 17, 30, 37, 40;
Pseudo-Ezekiel) 68
4. Summary of the Use of Ezekiel in the Dead Sea Scrolls 73
Chapter 3
THE USE OF EZEKIEL IN OTHER SECOND TEMPLE LITERATURE 78
1. The Merkabah Vision (Ezekiel 1; 3.2, 14-15; 10;
Sirach 49.8; Testament of Levi 5.1; 7 Enoch 14.8-25; 39.2;
71.1-2) 79
2. Sheep and Shepherd (Ezekiel 34; 1 Enoch 89-90;
Psalm of Solomon \12\-AA) 86
3. Dry Bones (Ezekiel 37.1-11; Sirach 49.10; 4 Maccabees
18.17; Lives of the Prophets 3.12; 1 Enoch 90.4-5) 96
4. Summary of the Use of Ezekiel in other Second Temple
Literature 99
Echoes of a Prophet
Chapter 4
ALLUSIONS TO EZEKIEL IN JOHN: MAJOR ALLUSIONS 100
1. Shepherds and Sheep 100
2. Vine and Branches 135
3. Summary 149
Chapter 5
ALLUSIONS TO EZEKIEL IN JOHN: MINOR ALLUSIONS 150
1. The Opened Heavens (Ezekiel 1.1; Genesis 28.12;
John 1.51) 150
2. The Dry Bones 160
Summary of John's Use of the Vision of Dry Bones 171
3. Water and the Spirit 172
4. Summary of the Use of Water as Spirit in John 194
Chapter 6
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 198
1. Tendencies in the Form of Allusions 199
2. Tendencies in the Method of Allusions 203
3. Messiah and Community 206
4. Tendencies in Johannine Allusions 209
Bibliography 214
Index of Scripture and Ancient Sources 225
Index of Modern Authors 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book, like most worthwhile accomplishments, owes much to many
people. It is both a pleasure and an obligation to give them credit here.
This book is a slight revision of my doctoral dissertation, composed
under the direction of Marianne Meye Thompson and David Scholer.1 The
topic of the use of the Old Testament in the New has been of interest to me
for many years. Marianne Meye Thompson suggested the particular topic
of the use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John, for a Johannine Christology
seminar paper in the fall of 1999. I am grateful to her for the idea, and
especially for her encouragement and excellent advice in the course of my
research and writing. David Scholer served as the second reader for the
dissertation and gave useful suggestions and encouragement. My time at
Fuller Theological Seminary was made both productive and enjoyable by
time spent in classes or in research with these two professors, as well as
with Dr James Bradley, Dr Donald Hagner, and Dr Ralph Martin. I am
grateful to Dr James VanderKam of Notre Dame University, who
graciously read an early draft of Chapter 2. His comments provided
material direction as well as encouragement at the beginning of my
research. I also appreciated encouragement from professors at Talbot
School of Theology: Dr Clint Arnold, Dr Michael Wilkins, and many
others. I worked on revising the dissertation during my first year teaching
at International College and Graduate School in Honolulu; I am thankful
for the fellowship with staff and faculty, as well as students who helped me
clarify my views on the Gospel of John.
Writing the dissertation was also made possible through the generous
support of several foundations. I was grateful to Fuller and its donors for
providing me with the Full Fellowship; the Juliette M. Atherton
Scholarship, the Hawaii Community Scholarship Fund, and the Hawaii
Veterans Memorial Scholarship all provided generous funding as well.
My extended family was of invaluable support during my studies. There
were many times during my doctoral work that I recognized the need for
1. G. Manning, 'Echoes of a Prophet: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in
Literature of the Second Temple Period' (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fuller
Theological Seminary, 2003).
viii Echoes of a Prophet
endurance and hard work. I am grateful to my parents, Gary and Karen
Manning, for instilling those values in me from a young age, as well as for
encouraging me during my doctoral work. My parents-in-law, Joe and
Mary Ann Lawson, provided wonderful family and financial support. Two
of my brothers-in-law were especially helpful: David Lawson kept my
computer working, and Jonathan Trautner kept my car running. Our
church family at the Evangelical Free Church in Diamond Bar, California,
was a place of good fellowship and friendship. Our home church, Faith
Christian Fellowship of Honolulu, kept us in prayer and kept friendships
alive during our years away.
Most of my year of research and writing was spent working at home, so
my family was close to my work. My wife, Barbara, was unflagging in her
encouragement, and kept the house running smoothly when my writing
schedule grew heavy. My children, Josiah, Nathaniel, Daniel, Ian, and
Caleb provided (mostly) welcome interruptions to my work on a daily
basis. I appreciated their patience throughout the year.
Finally, this work is dedicated to its three subjects: God's faithful
servants Ezekiel and John, and Jesus the Messiah, for whom Ezekiel hoped
and about whom John reported.
ABBREVIATIONS
AB Anchor Bible
AcTDan Acta Theologica Danica
AER American Ecclesiastical Review
AGJU Arbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judentums und des
Urchristentums
ANF Anti-Nicene Fathers
APOT R.H. Charles (ed.), Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old
Testament in English (2 vols.; Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1913)
AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies
BDAG F.W. Danker, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New
Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2nd edn, 2000).
BDB Francis Brown, S.R. Driver and Charles A. Briggs, A
Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1907)
BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium
BHS Biblia hebraica Stuttgartensia
Bib Biblica
BSac Bibliotheca Sacra
BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin
BZ Biblische Zeitschrift
BZNW Beihefte zur ZNW
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CBQMS Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series
CDSS G. Vermes, The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English (New
York: Penguin Press, 1997)
Cone Concordia
ConNT Coniectanea neotestamentica
CRINT Compendia rerum iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum
CQR Church Quarterly Review
DJD Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
DNTB C.A. Evans and S.E. Porter, Dictionary of New Testament
Background (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2000).