Echocardiography in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease

730 Pages·2015·43.314 MB·English

by  Benjamin W. Eidem (editor), Patrick W. O'Leary (editor), Frank Cetta (editor)

Echocardiography
in Pediatric and Adult
Congenital Heart Disease
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
EDITED BY
Benjamin W. Eidem, MD, FACC, FASE
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Patrick W. O’Leary, MD, FACC, FASE
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Frank Cetta, MD, FACC, FASE
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
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Second edition
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Echocardiography in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease / [edited by] Benjamin W. Eidem,
Patrick W. O’Leary, Frank Cetta. — Second edition.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4511-9122-6 (hardback)
I. Eidem, Benjamin W., editor. II. O’Leary, Patrick W., editor. III. Cetta, Frank, editor.
[DNLM: 1. Heart Defects, Congenital—ultrasonography. 2. Echocardiography—methods.
WG 220]
RC687
616.1'207543—dc23
2014017820
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C O N T R I B U T O R S
Naser Ammash, MD, FACC, FASE Allison K. Cabalka, MD Benjamin W. Eidem, MD, FACC,
Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Pediatrics FASE
Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota Rochester, Minnesota Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and
Cardiovascular Diseases
Nandan Sadanand Anavekar, Frank Cetta, MD, FACC, FASE College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
MBBCh Professor of Pediatrics and Rochester, Minnesota
Assistant Professor of Medicine Medicine
Department of Medicine, Division of Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Gregory J. Ensing, MD
Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular Diseases Clinical Professor of Pediatrics
Department of Radiology, Division of College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic University of Michigan Congenital
Cardiac Radiology Rochester, Minnesota Heart Center
Mayo Clinic C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Rochester, Minnesota Meryl S. Cohen, MD Ann Arbor, Michigan
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Nancy A. Ayres, MD, FACC, FASE Michele A. Frommelt, MD
Perelman School of Medicine
Medical Director of Non-Invasive Assistant Professor
The University of Pennsylvania
Imaging Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Medical Director Echocardiography
Texas Children’s Hospital Medical College of Wisconsin
Laboratory
Associate, Pediatric Cardiology Director, Fetal Echocardiography
Associate Program Director Cardiology
Baylor College of Medicine Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Fellowship
Houston, Texas Milwaukee, Wisconsin
The Children’s Hospital of
Philadelphia
Peter Bartz, MD Peter C. Frommelt, MD, FACC, FASE
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Professor
Medicine Department of Pediatrics
Timothy Colen, MBBS, FRACP
Divisions of Cardiology and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Assistant Clinical Professor
Cardiovascular Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin
Department of Pediatrics
Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
University of Alberta
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
Pediatric Cardiologist
Milwaukee, Wisconsin Javier Ganame, MD, PhD
Stollery Children’s Hospital
Division of Cardiology, Department of
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Stuart Berger, MD Medicine
Professor of Pediatrics McMaster University
Heidi M. Connolly, MD
Division of Pediatric Cardiology Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Professor of Medicine
The Leigh Gabrielle Herma Chair for
Cardiology Division of Cardiovascular Sarah Gelehrter, MD
Medical College of Wisconsin Diseases Associate Professor
Medical Director, The Herma Heart Mayo Clinic Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Center Rochester, Minnesota University of Michigan Congenital
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Heart Center
Milwaukee, Wisconsin David J. Driscoll, MD C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Professor of Pediatrics Ann Arbor, Michigan
Crystal R. Bonnichsen, MD Departments of Cardiovascular Diseases
Instructor in Medicine and Pediatrics Edmund Gillis, BS, RDCS
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Rochester, MN
Rochester, Minnesota
Michael G. Earing, MD Martha Grogan, MD
William L. Border, MBChB, MPH Director Consultant
Director of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging Wisconsin Adult Congenital Heart Cardiovascular Diseases
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Disease Program Professor of Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine Medical College of Wisconsin Mayo Clinic
Atlanta, Georgia Milwaukee, Wisconsin Rochester, Minnesota
iii
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iv n CONTRIBUTORS
Donald J. Hagler, MD Steven E. Lipshultz, MD, FAAP, FAHA Erik C. Michelfelder, MD
Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine Schotanus Family Endowed Chair of Director, Fetal Heart Program
Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology and Pediatrics Co-Director, Cardiac Imaging
Cardiovascular Diseases Professor and Chair, Carman and Ann The Heart Institute
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Adams Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical
Rochester, Minnesota Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Center
Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Professor of Pediatrics
Lindsey E. Hunter, MBChB, MRCPCH Molecular Biology and Genetics, Family University of Cincinnati College of
Fetal Cardiology Unit Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Medicine
Department of Congenital Heart and Pharmacology Cincinnati, Ohio
Disease Wayne State University School of
Fletcher A. Miller, Jr., MD, FASE,
Evelina Children’s Hospital Medicine
FACC, FAHA
Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Trust President, University Pediatricians
London, United Kingdom Pediatrician-in-Chief Professor of Medicine
Children’s Hospital of Michigan Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Jennifer A. Johnson, MD Interim Director Consultant
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Children’s Research Center of Michigan Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
University of Pittsburgh School of Detroit, Michigan Mayo Clinic
Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of Leo Lopez, MD, FACC, FAAP, FASE
L. LuAnn Minich, MD
UPMC Director of Pediatric Cardiac
Professor of Pediatrics
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Noninvasive Imaging
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Jonathan N. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Associate Professor of Clinical University of Utah
FASE Pediatrics Salt Lake City, Utah
Associate Professor Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Jae K. Oh, MD
Department of Pediatrics New York, New York
Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
Medical Director, Pediatric Heart Joseph Mahgerefteh, MD
Mayo Clinic
Transplantation Pediatric Cardiology Division
Rochester, Minnesota
Senior Associate Consultant The Children’s Hospital at Montefiore
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Albert Einstein College of Medicine Patrick W. O’Leary, MD, FACC, FASE
Pediatric Cardiology New York, New York Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine
Mayo Clinic Divisions of Pediatric Cardiology
Rochester, Minnesota Joseph J. Maleszewski, MD and Cardiovascular Diseases
Associate Professor of Pathology and
College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic
Frederick D. Jones, RDCS Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota
Senior Pediatric Echocardiographer College of Medicine
Kentucky Children’s Hospital Consultant, Divisions of Anatomic Angira Patel, MD, MPH
Lexington, Kentucky Pathology and Cardiovascular Diseases Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Mayo Clinic Pediatric Cardiology
Thomas R. Kimball, MD Rochester, Minnesota Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s
Professor of Pediatrics Hospital of Chicago
University of Cincinnati College of Colin J. McMahon,MB, BCh, DCH, Chicago, Illinois
Medicine FRCPI, FAAP
Medical Director, Heart Institute Consultant Pediatric Cardiologist Sabrina Phillips, MD, FACC, FASE
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children Consultant
Cincinnati, Ohio Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic
John P. Kovalchin, MD Shaji C. Menon, MD Rochester, Minnesota
Director of Echocardiography Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Director of Advanced Noninvasive Adjunct Assistant Professor of Radiology Ricardo H. Pignatelli, MD
Cardiac Imaging Fellowship Department of Pediatric Cardiology Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
The Heart Center University of Utah Texas Children’s Hospital
Nationwide Children’s Hospital Salt Lake City, Utah Baylor College of Medicine
Professor of Pediatrics Houston, Texas
The Ohio State University Luc Mertens, MD, PhD
Columbus, Ohio Professor in Pediatrics Joseph T. Poterucha, DO
The University of Toronto Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Robert Lichtenberg, MD Section Head, Echocardiography Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Heart Care Centers of Illinois The Hospital for Sick Children Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Berwyn, Illinois Toronto, Ontario, Canada Rochester, Minnesota
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n CONTRIBUTORS v
Muhammad Yasir Qureshi, MBBS John M. Simpson, MD, FRCP, FESC Lloyd Y. Tani, MD
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Professor of Paediatric and Fetal Professor of Pediatrics
Division of Pediatric Cardiology Cardiology Division Chief, Pediatric Cardiology
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Department of Congenital Heart University of Utah School of Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota Disease Co-Director, Heart Center
Evelina Children’s Hospital Primary Children’s Medical Center
Bernadette Richards, RDCS
London, United Kingdom Salt Lake City, Utah
Technical Director
Echocardiography Department Dongngan T. Truong, MD
Jeffrey F. Smallhorn, MBBS, FRACP,
Nationwide Children’s Hospital FRCP(C) Pediatric Cardiology Fellow
Columbus, Ohio Department of Pediatrics
Professor
University of Utah
Ritu Sachdeva, MD, MBBS, FACC, Department of Pediatrics
Salt Lake City, Utah
FAAP University of Alberta
Associate Professor Stollery Children’s Hospital Himesh V. Vyas, MD
Emory University School of Medicine Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
University of Florida
Director, Cardiovascular Imaging
Gainesville, Florida
Research Core Brian D. Soriano, MD, FASE
Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta Associate Professor Luciana T. Young, MD
Sibley Heart Center Department of Pediatrics Associate Professor
Atlanta, Georgia Adjunct Associate Professor Department of Pediatrics
Department of Radiology Northwestern University Feinberg School
Amy H. Schultz, MD, MS
University of Washington School of of Medicine
Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Medicine Director, Echocardiography Laboratory
University of Washington School of
Seattle Children’s Heart Center Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s
Medicine
Seattle, Washington Hospital of Chicago
Attending Physician
Chicago, Illinois
Division of Cardiology
Ronald Springer, BS, RDCS
Seattle Children’s Hospital
Mayo Clinic Robert Young, BA, RDCS
Seattle, Washington
Rochester, Minnesota Cardiac Sonographer
Mayo Clinic
Girish S. Shirali, MBBS, FACC, FASE
Rochester, Minnesota
Melva and Randall L. O’Donnell, PhD Nathaniel W. Taggart, MD
Chair in Pediatric Cardiology Assistant Professor of Pediatrics
Division Director, Cardiology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Co-Director Consultant, Division of Pediatric
The Ward Family Heart Center Cardiology
The Children’s Mercy Hospital and Clinics Department of Pediatric and Adolescent
Professor, Department of Pediatrics Medicine
University of Missouri, Kansas City Mayo Clinic
Kansas City, Missouri Rochester, Minnesota
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P R E F A C E
know that his greatest contributions were in education
and mentorship. Bill is one of the most delightful lectur-
ers and has the gift to make any topic interesting. One of
his most recent contributions “A Light-Hearted Look …”
had his usual mix of rigorous anatomic detail and humor
(see figures on the next page). He is able to distill very
logical and straightforward messages from complex ana-
tomic details and nomenclature.
Bill Edwards instilled in many echocardiographers the
mantra of describing what one sees in precise and accurate
detail with simple jargon. He is not a disciple of “tomb-
stone medicine” whereby one loosely utilizes jargon which
many times is an uninterpretable code. Bill spent much
of his career crafting echocardiographers into noninva-
sive junior pathologists. Many of the pathology images
included in the 1st and 2nd editions of this textbook are
from the extensive image library that Bill created over
decades of devotion to this field. Frequently, our task in
the echocardiography laboratory is to create images which
accurately reflect Bill’s pathologic specimens. This exer-
cise enhanced our imaging skills and our understanding
of the patient’s anatomy and physiology. In this way, Bill
impacted the clinical practice on a daily basis.
We are indebted to Bill for his friendship, professional-
ism and talent. He understood 3½ decades ago the impor-
The 2nd edition of Echocardiography in Pediatric and tance of transitioning from “bench to bedside.” Through
Bill’s detailed work on anatomic specimens, he improved
Adult Congenital Heart Disease is dedicated to William
the clinical acumen of many cardiologists. Included in this
D. Edwards, M.D., the congenital cardiac pathologist
preface are some images from Bill’s famous talks. Bill is
at Mayo Clinic for the last 34 years. Bill will be retir-
renowned for his analogies: why a right ventricle is like a
ing from Mayo at the end of 2014. Over his career Bill
strawberry (see figures on the next page), why an atrio-
made tremendous contributions to the field of congenital
ventricular septal defect looks like Batman, why it is an
cardiology. He was the recipient of numerous teaching
“illustration” or a “diagram” and not a “cartoon.”
awards and he participated in the publication of over 250
Thank you, Bill. Your decades of devotion to the field of
peer-reviewed manuscripts. He authored numerous book
congenital cardiac imaging are on display in this textbook.
chapters and co-edited, in 1987, the original congenital
It would have been impossible to produce this text without
echocardiography textbook when he teamed with Drs. A.
your tireless efforts.
Jamil Tajik, James Seward, and Donald Hagler. Although
Bill made numerous contributions to the literature, those
who had the privilege to work with him at Mayo Clinic Ben Eidem, Pat O’Leary, Frank Cetta
vi
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n PREFACE vii
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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
To Jori, Katie, Gannon, and Matthew for all of your love and support. —BWE
Cate, Mike, and Matt Cetta, thanks for the sacrifices
you have made for my career. You guys are stars! —FC
To my mentors, patients, and, most of all, my family. Thank you for the examples you have provided, the patience you
have shown, and the love you have given. —PWO
The editors would like to sincerely thank Mark Zangs and Jeff Stelley for their significant efforts in the preparation of
many of the figures and videos throughout this textbook.
viii
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C O N T E N T S
Contributors iii 13 Abnormalities of Right
Preface vi Ventricular Outflow .................. 250
Acknowledgments viii Erik C. Michelfelder and William L. Border
1 Principles of Cardiovascular Ultrasound... 1 14 Abnormalities of Left Ventricular
Outflow ............................. 272
Robert Young and Patrick W. O’Leary
Leo Lopez and Joseph Mahgerefteh
2 Practical Issues Related to the Examination,
15 Tetralogy of Fallot .................... 305
Anatomic Image Orientation, and Segmental
Himesh Vyas, Jennifer Johnson and Benjamin W. Eidem
Cardiovascular Analysis ................ 12
Edmund Gillis, Ronald Springer, and Patrick W. O’Leary 16 d-Transposition of the Great Arteries ....320
3 Quantitative Methods in Echocardiography— Amy H. Schultz and Brian D. Soriano
Basic Techniques ...................... 38 17 Double-Outlet Right and
Benjamin W. Eidem and Patrick W. O’Leary Left Ventricles ....................... 344
4 Quantitative Methods in Echocardiography— Donald J. Hagler
Advanced Techniques for the Assessment of 18 Truncus Arteriosus ................... 356
Ventricular Function................... 62 Bernadette Richards, Frederick D. Jones, and John P. Kovalchin
Javier Ganame and Luc Mertens 19 Patent Ductus Arteriosus and
5 Anomalies of the Pulmonary and Systemic Aortopulmonary Window ............. 364
Venous Connections................... 91 Ritu Sachdeva
Frank Cetta and Naser M. Ammash 20 Abnormalities of the Aortic Arch ....... 374
6 Abnormalities of Atria and Angira Patel and Luciana T. Young
Atrial Septation ...................... 111 21 Marfan Syndrome: Aortic Aneurysm
Allison K. Cabalka and Dissection ....................... 388
7 Atrioventricular Septal Defects ......... 131 Crystal R. Bonnichsen and Heidi M. Connolly
Joseph T. Poterucha, Joseph J. Maleszewski, Patrick W. O’Leary, and 22 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy......... 405
Frank Cetta Patrick W. O’Leary
8 Ebstein’s Malformation and Tricuspid Valve 23 Additional Cardiomyopathies.......... 417
Diseases............................. 146 Colin J. McMahon and Ricardo H. Pignatelli
Patrick W. O’Leary 24 Pericardial Disorders.................. 431
9 Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Martha Grogan and Jae K. Oh
Valve Abnormalities .................. 166 25 Systemic Diseases..................... 446
Timothy Colen and Jeffrey F. Smallhorn Muhammad Yasir Qureshi and Steven E. Lipshultz
10 Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the 26 Vascular Abnormalities ............... 470
Great Arteries........................ 185 Michele A. Frommelt and Peter C. Frommelt
Michael G. Earing, Nancy A. Ayres, and Frank Cetta 27 Cardiac Tumors...................... 486
11 Ventricular Septal Defects ............. 198 Joseph J. Maleszewski and Frank Cetta
Sarah Gelehrter and Gregory Ensing 28 Evaluation of the Transplanted Heart ... 495
12 Univentricular Atrioventricular Jonathan N. Johnson
Connections ......................... 220 29 Pulmonary Hypertension.............. 505
Shaji C. Menon and Allison K. Cabalka
Peter Bartz and Stuart Berger
ix
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x n CONTENTS
30 Echocardiography in the Diagnosis and 38 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Computed
Management of Endocarditis........... 515 Tomographic Imaging in Congenital Heart
Dongngan T. Truong, L. LuAnn Minich and Lloyd Y. Tani Disease.............................. 628
31 Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves......... 528 Muhammad Yasir Qureshi, Crystal R. Bonnichsen, and Nandan S. Anavekar
Sabrina Phillips, Fletcher Miller and Frank Cetta 39 Evaluation of the Adult with Transposition
32 Fetal Echocardiography ............... 537 after Atrial or Arterial Switch Operations 655
John M. Simpson and Lindsey E. Hunter Frank Cetta, David J. Driscoll and Benjamin W. Eidem
33 Three-Dimensional Echocardiography in 40 Tetralogy of Fallot with Pulmonary
Congenital Heart Diseases ............. 554 Regurgitation ........................ 666
Girish S. Shirali Naser M. Ammash
34 Stress Echocardiography............... 566 41 Echocardiographic Evaluation of the
Thomas R. Kimball Functionally Univentricular Heart after
35 Intracardiac and Intraoperative Fontan “Operation”................... 677
Transesophageal Echocardiography..... 578 Sabrina D. Phillips and Patrick W. O’Leary
Donald J. Hagler 42 Eisenmenger Syndrome ............... 697
36 Interventional Echocardiography in Robert C. Lichtenberg and Frank Cetta
Congenital Heart Disease.............. 604
Index 707
Nathaniel W. Taggart
37 Echocardiographic Assessment
of Mechanical Circulatory Support...... 620
Jonathan N. Johnson and Meryl S. Cohen
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