Easy Outline of Genetics

178 Pages·2002·2.625 MB·English

by  William Stansfield

Genetics 1.1 1/23/02 8:46 AM Page i
Easy
SCHAUM’S OUTLINES
G
ENETICS
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Genetics 1.1 1/23/02 8:46 AM Page iii
Easy
SCHAUM’S OUTLINES
G
ENETICS
BASED ON SCHAUM’S
Outline of Genetics, Third Edition
BY WILLIAM D. STANSFIELD
ABRIDGEMENT EDITOR
G J. H
EORGE ADEMENOS
SCHAUM’S OUTLINE SERIES
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DOI: 10.1036/0071398376
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Contents
Chapter 1: The Physical Basis of Heredity 1
Chapter 2: Single-Gene Inheritance 34
Chapter 3: Two or More Genes 51
Chapter 4: Genetic Interaction 61
Chapter 5: The Genetics of Sex 71
Chapter 6: Linkage and Chromosome
Mapping 86
Chapter 7: Statistical Distributions 104
Chapter 8: Cytogenetics 115
Chapter 9: Quantitative Genetics and
Breeding Principles 133
Chapter 10: Population Genetics 160
Index 172
v
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Chapter 1
T P
HE HYSICAL
B
ASIS OF
H
EREDITY
IN THIS CHAPTER:
✔
Genetics
✔
Cells
✔
Chromosomes
✔
Cell Division
✔
Mendel’s Laws
✔
Gametogenesis
✔
Life Cycles
Genetics
Genetics is that branch of biology concerned with heredity and varia-
tion. The hereditary units that are transmitted from one generation to the
next (inherited) are called genes. The genes reside in a long molecule
called deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA). The DNA, in conjunction with a
protein matrix, forms nucleoproteinand becomes organized into struc-
tures with distinctive staining properties called chromosomesfound in
the nucleus of the cell. The behavior of genes is thus paralleled in many
ways by the behavior of the chromosomes of which they are a part.
1
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Genetics 1.1 1/23/02 8:46 AM Page 2
2 GENETICS
A gene contains coded information for the
production of proteins. DNAis normally a stable
molecule with the capacity for self-replication. On
rare occasions, a change may occur spontaneous-
ly in some part of DNA. This change, called a
mutation, alters the coded instructions and may
result in a defective protein or in the cessation of
protein synthesis. The net result of a mutation is
often seen as a change in the physical appearance
of the individual or a change in some other mea-
surable attribute of the organism called a charac-
ter or trait. Through the process of mutation, a gene may be changed
into two or more alternative forms called allelomorphsor alleles.
Each gene occupies a specific position on a chromosome, called the
gene locus(loci, plural). All allelic forms of a gene, therefore, are found
at corresponding positions on genetically similar (homologous) chro-
mosomes. The word “locus” is sometimes used interchangeably for
“gene.” When the science of genetics was in its infancy, the gene was
thought to behave as a unit particle. These particles were believed to be
arranged on the chromosome like beads on a string. All the genes on a
chromosome are said to be linkedto one another and belong to the same
linkage group. Wherever the chromosome goes, it carries all of the
genes in its linkage group with it. Linked genes are not transmitted
independently of one another, but genes in different linkage groups (on
different chromosomes) are transmitted independently of one another.
Cells
The smallest unit of life is the cell. Each living thing is composed of one
or more cells. The most primitive cells alive today are the bacteria.
They, like the presumed first forms of life, do not possess a nucleus.
The nucleus is a membrane-bound compartment, isolating the genetic
material from the rest of the cell (cytoplasm). Bacteria, therefore,
belong to a group of organisms called procaryotes (literally, “before a
nucleus” had evolved; also spelled prokaryotes). All other kinds of cells
that have a nucleus (including fungi, plants, and animals) are referred to
as eucaryotes(literally, “truly nucleated”; also spelled eukaryotes).