East Asia: Tradition and Transformation (Revised Edition)

1063 Pages·1989·39.461 MB·English

by  John King Fairbank, Edwin O. Reischauer, Albert M. Craig

East Asia
Houghton Mifflin Company Boston
Dallas
Geneva, Illinois
Palo Alto
Princeton, New Jersey
East A sia
Tradition SP Transformation Revised Edition
John K. Fairbank, Professor Emeritus
Edwin O. Reischauer, Professor Emeritus
Albert M. Craig
Harvard University
To Serge Elisseeff
Director of the Harvard-Y tucking Institute 1934-1956
Cover art courtesy of the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D.C. 06.231 Japanese Ptg: Momoyama-Edo period, 17th c. Rimpa school, by Sotatsu.
Waves at Matsushima, Paper 166.0 x 369.9 cm (65%" x 14$%").
Copyright © 1989 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information
storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Houghton Mifflin
Company unless such copying is expressly permitted by federal copyright law. Address
inquiries to College Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company, One Beacon Street, Boston,
MA 02108.
Printed in the U.S.A.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-81263
ISBN: 0-395-45023-3
IJ-VB-00
Contents
Maps and Charts ix
Preface xi
The Pronunciation of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese xiii
1. The Setting of East Asian History 1
The Objectives of This Study / Land, Peoples, and Languages /
China's Geographical Setting / China’s Traditional Economy and
Society
2. Early China : The Birth of a Civilization 17
The Archaeological Record / Early Chinese Traditions / The
Chinese Writing System / Shang Culture / The Early Chou
3. Classic China: The Golden Age of Chinese Thought 33
The Later Chou / The Age of the Philosophers and the Classics /
Confucianism and Taoism / Other Philosophic Schools
4. The First Chinese Empire : The Ch’in and Han Dynasties 3 3
Ch’in Creates the Empire / Han Receives the Mandate / Han
Thought and Scholarship / The Dynastic Cycle / The Later
Han / The End of the First Chinese Empire
5. The Regeneration of the Empire 83
The Challenge to the Chinese System / The Coming of Buddhism /
The "Barbarians” Restore the Empire / The Sui and T’ang Dynas­
ties / The Revival of Centralized Rule / The Absorption of Bud­
dhism / The Growth of Chinese Culture v
vi Contents
6. The Late Tang and Sung: The Flowering of Chinese
Culture 116
The Transition from Classic to Early Modem China / The Late
Tang / The Sung Dynasty / The Commercial Revolution / Society
and Culture / Neo-Confucianism
7. China and the "Barbarians” : The Mongol Empire 132
The Society of the Steppe / The Mongol Empire / China under
Mongol Rule
8. State and Society under the Ming 177
Chinese "Culturalisin'’ / Government under the Ming / Society
and Culture under the Ming / Foreign Relations / The Ming
Economy / The End of Ming Rule
9. Traditional China at Its Height under the Ch’ing 211
The Rise of the Manchu Dynasty / Ch’ing Rule over China /
Culture in Late Imperial China / The Beginning of Dynastic
Decline / Early Western Contact
10. Vietnam : A Variant of the Chinese Pattern 258
The Sphere of Chinese Civilization / Early Development of
Vietnam / The Chinese Pattern Challenged and Reaffirmed
11. Early Korea: The Emergence of a Chinese Type of State 277
The Beginnings of Korean History / The Three Kingdoms / The
Silla Period / Early Koryö / Later Koryö
12. Yi Dynasty Korea : A Model Conf ucian Society 300
The Perfected Chinese Pattern / Society and Culture / Political
Disruption / The Later Years of Yi Rule
13. Early Japan: The Absorption of Chinese Civilization 324
The Land and People / Ancient Japanese Society / The Adoption
of the Chinese Pattern / The Nara Period / The Modification of
the Chinese Pattern / The Culture of the Fujiwara Period
14. Feudal Japan : A Departure from the Chinese Pattern 358
The Rise of the Provincial Warrior Class / The Kamakura Period /
Early Feudal Culture / The Ashikaga Period / High Feudal Society
Contents ▼ii
15. Tokugawa Japan : A Centralized Feudal State 392
Political Reunification / The Tokugawa Shogunate / Social and
Economic Development / Tokugawa Culture / The Erosion of the
Tokugawa System
16. Invasion and Rebellion in Nineteenth-Century China 435
Traditional China’s Resistance to Change / Scholarship and
Thought / The Collapse of the Canton System / The Opium
War / Western Influence Through the Early Treaty Ports / The
Rise of Rebellion / Final Establishment of the Treaty System /
The Restoration of the Ch’ing Government
17. Japan’s Response to the West 484
The Impact of the West / Political Ferment in Japan / The Resort
to Military Force / The Creation of the New Government /
Consolidating the New Regime
18. Modernization in Meiji Japan 513
Economic Development / The Transformation of Society / The
Creation of the Constitution / The Early Years of Constitutional
Government / The Fulfillment of the Meiji Dream
19. China's Response to the West 558
Early Westernization in Self-defense / The Restoration of Confu-
cian Government / The Reaction to Christian Missions / Economic
Developments under the Treaty System / The Difficulties of Early
Industrialization / The Slow Progress of Modernization
20. Imperialist Encroachments on China, Vietnam, and Korea 597
Foreign Aggression on China’s Periphery / Vietnam’s Absorption
by France / Korea’s Response to the Outside World
21. The Heyday of Imperialism in China 619
Power Politics over China / The Reform Movement / The Boxer
Rising / Imperialism and the Chinese Response
22. Imperial Japan : Economy and Society 648
The Maturing of the Economy / Social Change / Currents of
Thought
viii Contents
23. Imperial Japan: Democracy and Militarism 682
The Growth of Parliamentary Influence / Taishö Democracy / The
Rise of Militarism / Japan at War
24. China: From Monarchy to Warlordism 726
The Late Ch’ing Reforms / The Revolution of 1911 / The
Republic's Decline into Warlordism
25. The Rise and Decline of Nationalist China 763
The Revolution in Thought and Culture / The Background of the
Nationalist Revolution / The Kuomintang's Rise to Power / The
Decade of the Nanking Government / Japan's Aggression in China
26. The New Japan 808
World War II in East Asia / The American Occupation and the
Yoshida Ministries, 1945—1954 / Social and Political Change in an
Era of High Growth / A New Epoch
27. The Rim Nations of East Asia : Vietnam, Taiwan,
Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore 876
Vietnam: From Colony to Communist State / Taiwan: From
Colony to Republic / Korea: From Colony to Divided Nation /
Hong Kong and Singapore
28. The People's Republic 930
The Rise of the Maoist Leadership / Founding the People's
Republic / The Struggle Toward Socialism / The Cultural
Revolution / Reform under Teng Hsiao-p'ing / Perspectives on
China's Revolution
Illustration Acknowledgments 986
Index 991
Maps and Charts
East Asia front endpaper
Eurasia 4
Modern Linguistic Map of East Asia 7
Profile of the Yellow River 10
North China in Prehistoric Times 19
China in the Sixth Century B.c. 36
The Han Empire 62
The Three Kingdoms 80
China Around 300 a.d. 95
The T’ang Empire in the Early Eighth Century 99
China Proper Around 700 a.d. 103
Plan of Ch’ang-an During the T’ang 106
China Around 940 a.d. 122
China Around 1050 a.d. 125
China Around 1140 a.d. 130
Scripts Used or Created by Inner Asian Peoples 161
Asia on the Eve of the Mongol Conquests (Around 1200) 165
The Mongol Empire (Late Thirteenth Century) 172—173
Peking under the Ming and Ch’ing 181
China under the Ming 186
The Ming Empire and Its Foreign Relations 196
The Rise of the Manchus 213
Central Asia under the Ch’ing (To Around 1800) 217
China Proper under the Early Ch’ing (To Around 1800) 226
The Portuguese Stronghold at Malacca 245
Macao in the 1840*s 245
Early Russian-Chinese Cöntact 252
Early Kingdoms of Indo-China 263
Korea During the Three Kingdoms Period ( Around 500 a.d. ) 281
Korea During the Yi Dynasty 303
Han’gul Chart 311
Abridged Chart of Yi Dynasty Factions 315
x Maps and Charts
Japan Superimposed on the United States 326
West Japan in Ancient Times 331
The Heian Capital (Kyoto) 338
Examples of the Derivation of Kana 336
Medieval Japan 363
Major Daimyo of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 379
Major Daimyo Domains 402—403
Administrative Areas under the Ch’ing Dynasty 438
The Canton Estuary and Outer Waters (Nineteenth Century) 451
Courses of the Yellow River 467
The Taiping and Nien Rebellions 471
The Yangtze Delta 481
The Political System under the Meiji Constitution 545
Foreign Encroachment on China 577
The Growth of Shanghai 578
Central Asia in the Nineteenth Century 598
French Indo-China 604
Korea in Recent Times 611
The Approaches to Peking 636
Peking in 1900 637
Organization of the Mitsui Combine 656
Percentage of School-Age Children Attending Primary Schools 665
Growth of Japan's Empire 693
International Rivalry in Korea and Manchuria 706
The China-Burma-India Theater in World War II 803
World War II in Greater East Asia 811
Modem Japan 827
Vietnam and Surrounding Nations 891
Taiwan 901
North Korea and South Korea 908
Hong Kong 924
Singapore 925
The Rise of the Chinese Communists 931
China: The People’s Republic 960—961
Chronological Chart of East Asian History back endpaper