East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times Until the Council of Florence (Oxford History of the Christian Church)

291 Pages·2003·30.809 MB·English

by  Henry Chadwick

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OXFORD HISTORY OF
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
Edited by
Henry and Owen Chadwick
/
East and West: The Making of
a Rift in the Church
From Apostolic Times until the
Council of Florence
HENRY CHADWICK
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp
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© Henry Chadwick 2003
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First published 2003
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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ISBN 0-19—926457—0
13579 10 8642
Typeset by Hope Services (Abingdon) Ltd
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Biddles Ltd.,
Guildford & King’s Lynn
To my wife
Sine qua non
PREFATORY NOTE
Special thanks are due to support from the officers of Oxford University
Press, especially Hilary O’Shea, Jenny Wagstaffe, Lucy Qureshi, and Dr
Leofranc Holford-Strevens, and to many patient librarians in both Oxford
and Cambridge.
H.C.
CONTENTS
Abbreviations ix
1. Introduction i
2. Early Christian Diversity: The Quest for Coherence 2
3. The Roots of Divergence 7
4. Differences in Theology 13
5. Emperor Theodosius: Council of Constantinople (381) 20
6. Augustine: Filioque? 27
7. Constantinople’s growing power: Socrates the Historian 34
8. The Unity of Christ: Devotion to Mary 40
9. Zeno’s Henotikon, Rome’s Fury, and the Acacian Schism:
Dionysius Exiguus 50
10. Three Chapters: The Fifth Council (553) 55
11. One Energy, One Will 59
12. The Sixth Council (680—1). Council in Trullo (692) 64
13. Icons 71
14. The Papacy and the Franks 77
15. Aachen as Third Rome: Caroline Books; Filioque-, Eriugena 83
16. Pope Nicolas I 95
17. Hincmar of Reims 103
18. Jurisdiction: Illyricum, Bulgars. Paulicians 106
19. Pope Nicolas’ Advice to the Bulgar Khan. Rome’s Saturday Fast 113
20. Problems at Constantinople: Patriarch Ignatius 119
21. Photius 124
22. Pope Nicolas I Supports Ignatius I34
23. Ignatius’ Retrial: Nicolas Excommunicates Photius 139
24. Deterioration in Relations I47
25. The Case against the Latins: Photius’I53
26. Photius’ Break with Nicolas: Nicolas Invokes Hincmar’s Help:
Basil the Macedonian: Photius Deposed 158
27. Basil I: Ignatius Restored. The Synod of 869: Pope Hadrian II 164
28. Photius Restored. Pope John VIII. The Council of 879 173
29. The Emperor Leo VI the Wise: Photius Deposed 182
30. Greek Critics of Photius: Photius Honours Ignatius’ Memory 185
viii Contents
31. Liudprand of Cremona in Constantinople I93
32. The Normans in the South: Cardinal Humbert: The Council of
Rome (1059): Unleavened Bread 200
33. Pope Leo IX’s Legation to Constantinople (1054): Humbert
and Cerularius -206
34. Peter Damian: Gregory VII: Theophylact of Ochrid 219
35. Pope Urban II: Anselm of Canterbury at Bari 222
36. Anselm of Havelberg 228
37. Crusades: Fall of Constantinople (1204): Innocent III:
Balsamon 233
38. East-West Debates at Nicaea and Nymphaion 238
39. Purgatory 244
40. Michael Palaeologus’ Renewed Quest for Unity:
Pope Gregory X: Council of Lyon: Bekkos 246
41. The Councils of Basel and Ferrara/Florence: Pope Eugenius IV 258
Epilogue 275
Bibliography 277
Index 281
ABBREVIATIONS
A CO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicomm
Acta Latina Acta Latina Concilii Florentini, ed. G. Hofrnann (Concilium
Florentinum: documenta et scriptores, B vi; Rome, 1955)
An. Boll. Analecta Bollandiana
Coleti N. Coleti, Sacrosancta concilia ad regiam editionem exacta, 23
vols. (Venice, 1728—33)
Deusdedit Die Kanonessammlung des Kardinals Deusdedit, ed. V. Wolf von
Glanvell (Paderborn, 1905)
Greek Acts Quae supersunt actorum Graecorum Coruilii Florentini, ed.J. Gill,
2 vols. (Concilium Florentinum: documenta et scriptores, B
v; Rome, 1953)
Hardouin J. Hardouin, Conciliorum collectio regia maxima, 12 vols. (Paris,
1714-15)
Iconoclasm A. Bryer and J. Herrin (eds.), Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the
Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of
Birmingham, March igys (Birmingham, 1977)
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
LW Photius, Epistulae et Amphilochia, ed. V. Laourdas and L. G.
Westerink, 6 vols. (Leipzig, I983“9)
Mansi J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 55
vols. (Florence etc., 1759—1962)
MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica
Epp. Epistulae
SRG Scriptores rerum Germanicarum
PG Patrologia Graeca
PL Patrologia Latina
Reg. Registrum
RP G. A. Rhalles and M. Podis, Zvvrayixa toov delojv Kal
iepcov Kavovcov tcov re dyicov Kai iravevfrjfj.cov
AttootoXcov Kal tcov Iepcov oiKovpceviKcov Kal tottikcov
2Jvv68cov Kal TCOV /card pcepos Iepcov UaTepcov, 6 vols.
(Athens, 1852-9)
Tanner Norman P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols.
(London and Washington, DC, 1990)