Table Of Content

EAST AFRICA AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY ROBERT M. MAXON EAST AFRICA AN INTRODUCTORY HISTORY THIRD AND REVISED EDITION ROBERT M. MAXON MORGANTOWN 2009 West Virginia University Press, Morgantown 26506 © 1986, 1994, 2009 by West Virginia University Press All rights reserved. First edition 1986 Second edition 1994 Third edition 2009 Printed in the United States of America 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ISBN-10: 1-933202-46-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-933202-46-4 (alk. paper) Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Maxon, Robert M. East Africa : an introductory history / Robert. M. Maxon. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-933202-46-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Africa, East--History. I. Title. DT363.3.M39 2009 967.6--dc21 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009014204 Cover photograph by Rob Verhoeven, Uganda, February 2008. “I wanted to shoot this panorama in southern Uganda and was looking for some foreground. The boy was watching the camera, caught out by just how wide a ten millimeter lens is, and gave me this wonderful shot.” http://www.flickr.com/photos/youngrobv/ CONTENTS 1. EAST AFRICAN GEOGRAPHY Topography 1 Climate 4 Vegetation and Soil 6 2. THE PEOPLING OF EAST AFRICA TO C. 1000 A.D. Early Stone Age 12 Middle Stone Age 12 Late Stone Age 13 Populations and Languages of East Africa 15 Food Production and Iron Working 21 The Early Iron Age and Bantu Migrations 24 Early Nilotic Migrations 30 Population Interaction and Absorption 32 3. THE EAST AFRICAN COAST TO 1800 The Coastal Plain 35 Azania: The Coast to 1000 A.D. 37 The Swahili Period: 1000–1500 39 The Coming of Portuguese Dominance: 1500–1600 44 The Decline of Portuguese Control: 1600–1700 47 The Omani Period at the Coast: 1700–1800 50 4. THE EAST AFRICAN INTERIOR: C. 1000 TO 1650 Uganda 53 The Rise of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms: Bunyoro-Kitara 54 vi | ROBERT M. MAXON Origin of the Kingdom of Nkore 57 Buganda Origins 59 Lwoo Migration into Uganda 61 Lwoo Migrations within East Africa 62 Kenya 64 Highlands Nilotes 65 Plains Nilotes 67 Bantu and River-Lake Nilotes of Western Kenya: the Luhya and the Luo 69 The Thagicu Peoples 72 Mainland Tanzania 74 West Lake Region: the Haya States 76 West Central Tanzania: the Ntemi Chieftaincies 76 Eastern Tanzania 78 5. THE EAST AFRICAN INTERIOR FROM THE MID-SEVENTEENTH TO MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY Uganda 81 Bunyoro-Kitara 83 Kabarega and the Rejuvenation of Bunyoro 84 Buganda: Territorial Expansion 85 Centralization and Strengthening of the Monarchy in Buganda 87 The Kingdom of Nkore 89 The Kingdom of Toro 90 Lwoo-Speaking Communities 90 Karamojong-Teso Movements 91 Kenya 93 Highlands Nilotes 94 Plains Nilotes 95 Western Kenya: the Luhya, Luo, and Gusii 96 The Thagicu Peoples: Kikuyu and Kamba 100 Mainland Tanzania 102 Northwestern Tanzania 103 Northeastern Tanzania 103 PREFACE | vii Southern and Western Tanzania; the Coming of the Ngoni 105 Long Distance Trade in Tanzania 108 West-Central Tanzania: Trade and Political Centralization 109 6. EAST AFRICA AND THE WIDER WORLD IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Oman and the East African Coast 112 Seyyid Said and Zanzibar 114 Economic Impact of Nineteenth Century Trade 116 Growth of External Commerce 118 Anti-Slave Trade Impetus to European Involvement in East Africa 120 Missionary Impetus to European Involvement in East Africa 122 Christian Missions and Buganda 124 European Adventurers as Precursors of European Involvement in East Africa 126 7. THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA Britain and Zanzibar: “Informal Empire” 129 Egypt and the Scramble for East Africa 130 Germany Enters East Africa 132 Chartered Companies and the Scramble for Uganda 134 From Chartered Companies to Protectorates 137 8. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF EUROPEAN RULE: 1890S TO 1914 Conquest and Resistance 142 The Ecological Catastrophe 143 Beginning Administration 144 Economic and Social Considerations 146 Uganda 148 Britain and Buganda 148 Buganda Sub-imperialism 150 The Buganda Agreement of 1900 152 Further Resistance to British Rule 154 Further Expansion of Colonial Rule 155 viii | ROBERT M. MAXON The Colonial Economy 156 Missions and Western Education 159 Kenya 159 The Uganda Railway 160 The Conquest of Kenya 161 European Settlement and Land 164 The Colonial Economy 165 Missions and Western Education 167 Social and Political Dominance of the Europan Settlers 168 German East Africa 169 The Conquest of German East Africa 169 The Colonial Economy 171 The Maji Maji Rebellion 173 Reform and Development Under Rechenberg 175 Zanzibar 177 9. EAST AFRICA FROM THE FIRST WORLD WAR TO THE SECOND: 1914–1939 Tanganyika 184 The War and German East Africa 184 The Start of British Rule in Tanganyika 186 Sir Donald Cameron and Indirect Rule 187 The Depression and After 190 Improvement and African Politics 191 Uganda 193 Peasant or Plantation Agriculture for Uganda 193 African Discontent and Politics 195 Education 198 Uganda’s Asians 199 The Colonial Economy 199 Kenya 200 Kenya Africans and the War 201 Toward European Domination 201 The Asian Question 204 PREFACE | ix African Political Activism after the War 206 Settler Politics, Closer Union, and the Colonial Office 211 The Colonial Economy 213 African Protest in the 1930s 215 Zanzibar 216 10. THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AND ACHIEVEMENT OF INDEPENDENCE IN EAST AFRICA: 1939–1963 World War II and East Africa 225 Tanganyika 227 Development and the Post-war Economy 227 Colonial Policy and African Politics after the War 228 TANU and the Triumph of Mass Nationalism 231 The Colonial Economy 235 Uganda 236 Popular Discontent in Buganda 236 Sir Andrew Cohen and the “Kabaka Crisis” 238 National Politics and Buganda Separatism 240 Toward Independence 242 The Colonial Economy 245 Kenya 246 The War and the Mitchell Era 246 The Coming of Mau Mau 248 The Emergency 252 Toward African Self-Government 255 The Colonial Economy 259 Zanzibar 260 Evolution of Political Parties 260 Toward Independence 261 11. INDEPENDENT EAST AFRICA, 1960S TO 1990S Independence and Dependency 265 Attempts to Achieve Closer Cooperation in East Africa 268 Tanzania 271