Sartaj Ahmad Bhat Adarsh Pal Vig Fusheng Li Balasubramani Ravindran Editors Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes fl Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Ef uents and Wastes (cid:129) (cid:129) Sartaj Ahmad Bhat Adarsh Pal Vig (cid:129) Fusheng Li Balasubramani Ravindran Editors Earthworm Assisted fl Remediation of Ef uents and Wastes Editors SartajAhmadBhat AdarshPalVig RiverBasinResearchCenter BotanicalandEnvironmentalSciences GifuUniversity GuruNanakDevUniversity Gifu,Japan Punjab,India FushengLi BalasubramaniRavindran RiverBasinResearchCenter DepartmentofEnvironmentalEnergy GifuUniversity andEngineering Gifu,Japan KyonggiUniversity Suwon,SouthKorea ISBN978-981-15-4521-4 ISBN978-981-15-4522-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4522-1 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicencetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Waterisoneoftheessentialrequirementsforalloxygen-dependentlivingorganisms becausewatercanregulatephysicalandchemicalparameters.Approximately,71% of the planet is covered by water and oceans contain 96.5% of earth’s water. The main resource of water includes rainwater, wells, streams, natural springs, ocean, and rivers. In the last few decades, there is a rapid development of human populationsandindustrialrevolutions.Accordingly,variousindustriesarereleased wastewater/effluent which generates serious environmental problems, especially water pollution. On the other hand, indiscriminate usage of synthetic fertilizers for crop production, during rainy days can migrate into the water bodies which also cause water pollution. In addition, water pollution can affect living organisms and altertheoverallfoodchain. Nowadays, a huge amount of wastewater sludge/solid wastes are produced by variousindustriesandhumanbeings.Thesesludge/solidwastescontainasignificant amount of hazardous materials that generate soil pollution. In soil, hazardous pollutantsarepotentiallytoxictolivingorganisms,andtheyalterthechemicaland biologicalreactions.Currently,variouspeopleshavebeenusingnumerousmethods (likephysical,chemical,andbiologicalmethods)tocombatwaterandsoilpollution, butthesemethodscontainseveraldisadvantages.Therefore,thereisurgentrequire- mentofcost-effectiveandenvironment-friendlytechniquestoremediatepollutants. This book “Earthworm Assisted Remediation of Effluents and Wastes” introduces various remediation strategies. For example, vermifiltration of wastewater/effluent employing earthworms is a recently established “novel” technology. This term filtration technology is based on the capability of worms to consume and break down various organic waste materials and heavy metals from effluent, and their capacitytoremovedifferentpollutantsfromeffluentbyabsorptionviabodywallsof theearthworms.Vermifiltrationisaneffectiveandenvironment-friendlytechnology for wastewater/effluent treatment.Inaddition, earthworms caneliminate toxichaz- ardous materials from solid wastes and also enhance the microbial populations which stimulate crop production. Internal body of the earthworms has metallothioneins,proteinthatcanbindwithheavymetalions,andalsoanearthworm v vi Preface detoxifiesthevarious soilpollutants. Thisbook contributed byan interdisciplinary group of water and soil scientists which provides new knowledge in the field of environmental pollution. We wish to thank all of the referees, who generously contributed their time and talent to maintain the high quality of this volume. We also express our thanks to the springer nature for their invaluable support and cooperationinthepublicationofthebook. Gifu,Japan SartajAhmadBhat Amritsar,Punjab,India AdarshPalVig Gifu,Japan FushengLi Suwon,SouthKorea BalasubramaniRavindran Contents PartI WastewaterAlone 1 ApplicabilityofVermifiltrationforWastewaterTreatment andRecycling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Bhavini,KavitaKanaujia,AmberTrivedi,andSubrataHait 2 VermifiltrationforRuralWastewaterTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 MeenaKhwairakpam 3 TreatmentofWastewaterbyVermifiltrationIntegrated withPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 AnuBalaChowdhary,JahangeerQuadar,BhaskarSingh, andJaswinderSingh PartII WastewaterSludgeAlone 4 RecyclingofMunicipalSludgebyVermicomposting. . . . . . . . . . . . 55 KuiHuang,HuiXia,FushengLi,andSartajAhmadBhat 5 InfluenceofDistillerySludge-BasedVermicompostonthe NutritionalStatusofRapanussativusL.(Radish). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 SusilaSugumar,TamilselviDuraisamy,SelvakumarMuniraj, RamarajanSelvam,andVasanthyMuthunarayanan PartIII WastewaterandSludge/SolidandLiquidWaste 6 Vermitechnology:ASustainableApproachintheManagement ofSolidandLiquidWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 SoubamIndrakumarSingh,DeachenAngmo,andRahilDutta 7 NaturalBiologicalTreatmentofEffluentandSludgestoCombat theBurdenofWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 DeachenAngmo,RahilDutta,SoubamIndraKumar, andAngelikaSharma vii viii Contents PartIV GeneralOrganic/InorganicandChemicalWaste 8 VermicompostsAreBiologicallyDifferent:Microbial andFunctionalDiversityofGreenVermicomposts. . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 MaríaGómez-Brandón,ManuelAira,andJorgeDomínguez 9 VermicompostingTreatmentofFruitandVegetableWaste andtheEffectoftheAdditionofExcessActivatedSludge. . . . . . . . 141 WenjiaoLi,SartajAhmadBhat,YongfenWei,andFushengLi 10 Eco-managementofIndustrialOrganicWastesThroughthe ModifiedInnovativeVermicompostingProcess:ASustainable ApproachinTropicalCountries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 RamKumarGangulyandSusantaKumarChakraborty 11 GrowthandReproductiveBiologyofEarthwormsinOrganic WasteBreakdownUndertheIndianCondition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 PriyasankarChaudhuriandSusmitaDebnath 12 VermicompostingofPartheniumhysterophorusL.:ASolution toWeedMenaceinTerrestrialEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 DeepshikhaSharmaandAnuBalaChowdhary 13 EvaluatingMethodofMicaWasteApplicationinEarthworm Cast-TreatedSoilforEnhancingPotassiumAvailabilitytothe PlantswithReferencetoTea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 PrabhatPramanik,ChayanikaKalita,PallabiKalita,andAnupJyoti Goswami 14 PGPRandEarthworm-AssistedPhytoremediationofHeavy Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 PoojaSharma,PalakBakshi,JaspreetKour,ArunDevSingh, ShaliniDhiman,PardeepKumar,Ibrahim,AshutoshSharma, BilalAhmadMir,andRenuBhardwaj 15 WasteManagementPracticesandTheirImpactonEarthworms. . 247 HarsimranKaur,PuttagantiVijaya,andSumanSharma 16 ToxicityandHistopathologicalEffectofDistilleryIndustrial SludgeontheEarthwormEudriluseugeniae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 SusilaSugumar,SelvakumarMuniraj,TamilselviDuraisamy, RamarajanSelvam,andVasanthyMuthunarayanan 17 Earthworm-AssistedAmeliorationofThermalAsh. . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 BhawanaSohalandAdarshPalVig Contents ix PartV Soil 18 SomePerspectivesonVermicompostUtilizationinOrganic Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 HupenyuA.Mupambwa,BalasuramaniRavindran,ErnestDube, NoxoloS.Lukashe,AsteriaA.N.Katakula, andPearsonN.S.Mnkeni 19 EarthwormCommunitiesandSoilStructuralProperties. . . . . . . . 333 SharanpreetSingh,JaswinderSingh,AdarshPalVig, FalwinderVerma,andSurindraSuthar 20 EffectofMethylParathionontheGrowthandReproduction ofEiseniafetidainNaturalSoil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 AnkuritaNathandSubrataHait About the Editors Sartaj Ahmad Bhat is working as Post-doctoral Researcher in the River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Japan. He received his Ph.D. for Environmental Sciences from Guru Nanak Dev University, India in 2017. He is efficient in waste management techniques, especially towards the vermicomposting and substrate compatibility, nutrient enrichment and heavy metal accumulation dynamics. So far, Dr. Bhat has authored more than 30 research publications in peer-reviewed internationaljournals.Heisalsoaneditor,editorialboardmemberandreviewerof many international reputed journals published by PLOS, De Gruyter, Springer, SAGE, MDPI, Elsevier and Taylor and Francis. He has been recently awarded as aTopPeerReviewer2019inEnvironmentandEcologybyPublonsWebofScience Groupandhasmorethan200verifiedreviewstohiscredit. Adarsh Pal Vig is a Professor and former Head, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India. Dr. Vig is havingteachingandresearchexperienceofmorethan26years,about105publica- tions in National/International journals with a h-index of 21 and had supervised 10Ph.D.students.Hisresearchmainlyfocusesonbiologicaltreatmenttechnologies foragriculturalandindustrialwastes.HehasbeenawardedDistinguishedTeachers Award, 2012 and Environmentalist of the Year, 2016 & 2018. Presently also working as Director of UGC—Human Resource Development Centre and Project coordinator,FDCandNRCunderPanditMadanMohanMalviyaNationalMission onTeachersandTeaching,MHRD,Govt.ofIndia,atGuruNanakDevUniversity. Fusheng Li is a Professor in the Division of Water System Safety and Security Studies and the Graduate School of Engineering at Gifu University, Japan. He received his BS degree for environmental engineering from Lanzhou Jiaotong University of China in 1986, MS degree from Kitami Institute of Technology of Japan in 1994 and PhD degree from Gifu University of Japan in 1998. Dr. Li is directing the Division of Water Quality Studies that covers the fields from water quality to water and wastewater treatment, and recently to resource and energy xi