Earthquake Resistant Buildings: Dynamic Analyses, Numerical Computations, Codified Methods, Case Studies and Examples

739 Pages·2011·6.89 MB·English

by  M.Y.H. Bangash (auth.)

Earthquake Resistant Buildings

M.Y.H. Bangash
Earthquake Resistant
Buildings
Dynamic Analyses, Numerical
Computations, Codified Methods, Case
Studies and Examples
1 3
M.Y.H.Bangash
ConsultingEngineerinAdvanced
StructuralAnalysis
London,UK
ISBN978-3-540-93817-0 e-ISBN978-3-540-93818-7
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-93818-7
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010920825
#2011M.Y.H.Bangash;London,UK
Publishedby:Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplication
ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw
ofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom
Springer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
This book provides a general introduction to the topic of three-dimensional
analysisanddesignofbuildingsforresistancetotheeffectsofearthquakes.Itis
intended for a general readership, especially persons with an interest in the
designandconstructionofbuildingsunderservereloadings.
A major part of design for earthquake resistance involves the building
structure,whichhasaprimaryroleinpreventingseriousdamageorstructural
collapse.Muchofthematerialinthis bookexaminesbuildingstructuresand,
specifically, their resistance to vertical and lateral forces or in combinations.
However,duetorecentdiscoveryoftheverticalcomponentofaccelerationof
greater magnitude in the kobes’ earthquake the original concept of ‘‘lateral
force only’’ has changed. This book does advocate the contribution of this
disastrouscomponentintheglobalanalyticalinvestigation.
Whentheearthquakestrikes,itshakesthewholebuildinganditscontents.
Fullanalysisfordesignlayoutandtypeofearthquakes,therefore,mustinclude
considerations for the complete building construction, the building contents
andthebuildingoccupants.
Theworkofdesigningforearthquakeeffectsisformedbyasteadystreamof
studies,research,newtechnologiesandthecumulativeknowledgegainedfrom
forensic studies of earthquake-damaged buildings. Design and construction
practices,regulatingcodesand professional standards continuouslyupgraded
duetotheflowofthiscumulativeknowledge.Hence,anybookonthissubject
must regularly be updated. Since the effects are not the same, the earthquake
forcesarealwaysproblematic.
Overtheyears,earthquakehasbeenthecauseofgreatdisastersintheform
of destruction of property and injury and loss of life to the population. The
unpredictability andsudden occurrence ofearthquakesmake them somewhat
mysterious, both to the general public and to professional building designers.
Untilquiterecently,designforearthquakes–ifconsciouslyconsideredatall–
was done with simplistic methods and a small database. Extensive study and
researchandagreatinternationaleffortandcooperationhavevastlyimproved
design theories and procedures. Accordingly, most buildings in earthquake-
proneareastodayaredesignedinconsiderabledetailforseismicresistance.
v
vi Preface
Despitethebesteffortsofscientistsanddesigners,mosttrulyeffectivedesign
methods are those reinforced by experience. This experience, unfortunately,
grownbyleapswhenamajorearthquakeoccursandstronglyaffectsregionsof
considerable development – notably urban areas. Observation of damaged
buildingsbyexpertsinforensicengineeringaddsimmeasurablytoourknowl-
edgebase.Whileextensiveresearchstudiesareongoinginmanytestinglabora-
tories,thebiggestlaboratoryremainstherealworldandrealearthquakes.
Design decisions that affect the seismic response of buildings range from
broadtohighlyspecificones.Whilemuchofthisdesignworkmaybeperformed
bystructuralengineers,manydecisionsaremadeby,orarestronglyaffectedby,
others.Buildingcodesandindustrystandardsestablishrestrictionsontheuse
of procedures for analysis of structural behaviour and for the selection of
materialsandbasicsystemsforconstruction.Decisionsaboutsitedevelopment,
buildingplacementonsites,buildingformsanddimensionsandtheselectionof
materialsanddetailsforconstructionareoftenmadebysomanyotherstoo.
On this respect it was necessary that the reader should look into codes of
practiceincertaincountriespronetomajorearthquakes.Somecodesincluding
the Eurocode-8 are given together with numerical and analytical methods for
comparative studies. This approach enhances the design quality and creates
confidenceinthedesigneronhis/herwork.
While ultimate collapse of the Building structure is a principal concern, the
building’sperformanceduringanearthquakemustbeconsideredinmanyother
waysaswell.Ifthestructureremainsintact,butstructuralpartofthebuilding
sustainscriticaldamage,occupantsaretraumatizedorinjured,anditisinfeasible
torestorethebuildingforcontinueduse;thedesignworkmaynotbeviewedas
success.However,thenecessitysometimesgoverns.Somecountriesmaynothave
sophisticatedtoolsandresources.Othersmustassisttoprovidethem.
Theworkinthisbookismostlyanalyticalandhenceshouldbeaccessibleto
the broad range ofpeoplein thebuilding design and construction fields.This
callsforsomecompromisesinceallaretrainedhighlyinsomeareasandless–or
not at all – in others. The readers should have general knowledge of building
codes,currentconstructiontechnology,principalproblemsofplanningbuild-
ingsandatleastanintroductiontodesignofsimplestructuresforearthquake-
prone buildings. Most of all, readers need some real motivation for learning
aboutmakingbuildingssaferduringearthquakes.Manydesignexamplesand
casestudiesareincludedtomakethebookfullyattractivetoallandsundry.
Readerslesspreparedmaywishtostrengthentheirbackgroundsinorderto
getthemostfromtheworkinthisbook.Theauthorgivesavastbibliographyat
theendofthisbookandalistofreferencesaftereachchaptersothatthereader
can carryout an in-depth study on a specific area missed out in detail. The
reader hopefully will understand the need for grappling with this complex
subject.
Thisbookaddressestheperplexingproblemofhowtomaintainoperability
ofequipmentafteramajorearthquake.Theprogrammeisoftenmorecompli-
cated than simple anchorage. Some critical types of equipment, for example,
Preface vii
arelikelytofailoperationally(falsesignallingofswitches,etc.)evenifadequate
baseanchoragehasbeenprovided.Itisthegoalofthisbooktopointouttothe
reader with a plan whereby equipment must be classified and subsequently
qualified for the postulated seismic environment in a manner that best suits
theindividualpieceofequipment.Insomecasesthisqualificationandanalysis
canbeaccomplishedonlybysophisticatedseismictestingprogramme,whileat
theotherendofthespectrum,equipmentsometimesmaybequalifiedsimplyby
adequate architectural detailing. All too often, professional design teams and
ownersrelyonanelectricplugandgravitytokeepacriticalpieceofequipment
inplaceduringanearthquakeandfunctionalafterwards.Obviously,thisisless
thandesirablesituation.Onepartofthesuggestionisdevotedtothequalifica-
tionprocedureswhichinclude
(cid:2) Testing
(cid:2) Analyses
(cid:2) Designer’sjudgement
(cid:2) Priorexperience
(cid:2) Designearthquakes
(cid:2) Seismiccategoriesforequipment
(cid:2) Designspecificationprocedures
ThereadercaneasilybeadvisedtorefertorelevantcodessuchasEurocode8
anditssupplementsandparts.Thisbookdoesnotgointodetailsregardingthe
aboveproceduresbutonlyconcentratesontheanalytical/designmethodology.
Thediscussionofthesetopicsleavesthedesignerwithacompletecourseof
actionforqualifyingalltypesofequipments,suchasseismicdevicestocontrol
thebuildingstructuresduringearthquakes.Theauthorforthisreasongivesa
comprehensivechapteronthesubject.
Onemajormeasuretomitigatetheearthquakehazardsistodesignandbuild
structuresthroughbetterengineeringpractices,sothatthesestructurespossess
adequate earthquake-resistant capacity. Considerable research efforts have
beencarriedoutintheUSA,Japan,Chinaandothercountriesinthelastfew
decades to advance earthquake engineering knowledge and design methods.
This book summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge and worldwide experi-
ences,particularlythosefromChinaandtheUSA,andpresentsthemsystem-
aticallyinonevolumeforpossibleusebyengineers,researchers,students,and
other professionals in the field of earthquake engineering. Considering the
active research and rapid technological advances which have taken place in
thisfield,therehasbeenasurprisingshortageofsuitabletextbooksforsenior
levelorgraduatelevelstudents.Thisbookalsoattemptstohelpfillsuchagap.
The book consists of 10 major parts: engineering seismology and earth-
quake-resistant analyses and design. Special attention is placed on bridging
the gap between these disciplines. For the convenience of the reader, funda-
mentalsof seismology,earthquake engineeringand randomprocesses, which,
canbeusefultoolstodescribethethree-dimensionalgroundmotionsaregiven
toassessthestructuralorsoilresponsetothem.Vastchaptersareincluded.
viii Preface
Thisisfollowedbydescribingearthquakeintensity,groundmotionsandits
damagingeffects.Intheensuingchaptersconcerningtheearthquake-resistant
design, both fundamental theories and new research problems and design
standards are introduced. In this book stochastic methods are introduced
becauseoftheirpotentialtoofferanewdimensioninearthquakeengineering
applications.Thesetwoareashavebeensubjectedtointensiveresearchinrecent
years and there is a potential in them to provide solutions to some special
problems which might not be amenable to conventional approaches. Appen-
dices are given for supporting analyses. Computer subroutines, which can be
usedwithanyknownpackagestosuitthereader.
Althoughthisbookmayappeartopresentadauntingamountofmaterial,it
is,nevertheless,justatoeinthedoorofthevastlibraryofknowledgethatexists.
Readersmayusethisbooktogaingeneralawarenessofthefieldortolauncha
muchmoreexhaustiveprogrammeofstudy.
On design sides, many codified methods have been briefly mentioned. The
EurocodeEC-8andtheAmericancodeswithexampleshavebeenhighlighted.
Thebookwillserveasausefultextforteacherspreparingdesignsyllabifor
undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Each major section contains a full
explanation which allows the book to be used by students and practicing
engineers,particularlythose facing formidable task ofhavingto design/detail
complicated building structures with unusual boundary conditions. Contrac-
torswillalsofindthisbookusefulinthepreparationofconstructiondrawings,
andmanufacturerswillbeinterestedintheguidanceeveninthetextrecording
codified and newly developed methods and the manufacture of earthquake
resistantdevices.
London,UK M.Y.H.Bangash
Acknowledgments
The author is indebted to many individuals, institutions, organizations and
research establishments mentioned in the text for helpful discussions and for
providingusefulpracticaldataandresearchmaterials.
Theauthorowesaspecialdebtofgratitudetohisfamilywho,forthethird
time,providedunwaveringsupport.
Theauthoralsoacknowledgesthefollowingprivatecommunications:
AerospaceDaily(AviationandAerospaceResearch),115615thStreetNW,
Washington,20005,USA.
AzadKashmir,DisasterManagementCentre.ReportsJan.2008–2009.
AfghanAgencyPress,33OxfordStreet,London,UK.
AgustaSpA,21017CascinaCostadiSamarate(VA),Italy.
Ailsa Perth Shipbuilders Limited, Harbour Road, Troon, Ayrshire KA10
6DN,Scotland.
Airbus Industrie, 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, 31707 Blagnac Ce´dex,
France.
Allison Gas Turbine, General Motors Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana
46206–0420,USA.
AMXInternational,AldwychHouse,Aldwych,London,WC2B4JP,UK.
ArizonaStateUniversity,TempeAZ,USA.
AzadKashmirofficeforEarthquakeManagementPakistan,2009.Pakistan,
(Pukhtoon Khawa) N.W.F.P. Pa´kistan, Peshawar, Earthquake Division,
2009,Pakistan
Bogazici,University,Turkey.
BremerVulkanAG,Lindenstrasse110,POBox750261,D-2820Bremen70,
Germany.
BritishLibrary,Kingcross,London,UK.
Catic,5LiangGuoChangRoad,EastCityDistrict(POBox1671),Beijing,
China.
Chantiersdel’Atlantique,Alsthom-30,AvenueKle´ber,75116Paris,France.
Chemical and Engineering News, 1155 16th Street NW, Washington DC
20036,USA.
ChineseStateArsenals,7AYeutanNanjie,Beijing,China.
ix