Earth Science - Glencoe

374 Pages·2007·8.17 MB·English

Earth Science
Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Consultant
Douglas Fisher, PhD
ii__SSNNSSEE__887799220033..iinndddd 11 Printer PDF 3 33//2277//0077 77::2233::2200 PPMM
About the Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher
Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an International
Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well as a Christa
McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He has published
numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated instruction, and
curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving Adolescent Literacy:
Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design in Secondary Schools:
Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught a variety of courses in
SDSU’s teacher credentialing program as well as graduate-level courses on
English language development and literacy. He also has taught classes in
English, writing, and literacy development to secondary school students.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior
permission of the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 978-0-07-879203-8
MHID: 0-07-879203-7
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 047 11 10 09 08 07
iiii__SSNNSSEE__887799220033..iinndddd 22 Printer PDF 3 33//2277//0077 66::5544::5577 PPMM
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page iii Printer PDF
Using Your Chapter 9 Preview ..................89
Science Notebook................................v Section 9.1 ..........................................90
Section 9.2 ..........................................93
Note-Taking Tips ..............................vii
Section 9.3 ..........................................96
Chapter 1 Preview ............................1 Chapter 9 Wrap-Up........................100
Section 1.1 ............................................2
Chapter 10 Preview........................101
Section 1.2 ............................................5
Section 10.1......................................102
Section 1.3 ............................................9
Section 10.2......................................105
Chapter 1 Wrap-Up ........................12
Section 10.3......................................108
Chapter 2 Preview............................13 Chapter 10 Wrap-Up ....................112
Section 2.1 ..........................................14
Chapter 11 Preview........................113
Section 2.2 ..........................................17
Section 11.1......................................114
Section 2.3 ..........................................20
Section 11.2......................................117
Chapter 2 Wrap-Up..........................24
Section 11.3......................................120
Chapter 3 Preview............................25 Chapter 11 Wrap-Up ....................124
Section 3.1 ..........................................26
Chapter 12 Preview........................125
Section 3.2 ..........................................29
Section 12.1......................................126
Section 3.3 ..........................................32
Section 12.2......................................129
Chapter 3 Wrap-Up..........................36
Section 12.3......................................132
Chapter 4 Preview............................37 Section 12.4......................................135
Section 4.1 ..........................................38 Chapter 12 Wrap-Up ....................138
Section 4.2 ..........................................41
Chapter 13 Preview........................139
Chapter 4 Wrap-Up ....................44
Section 13.1......................................140
Chapter 5 Preview............................45 Section 13.2......................................143
Section 5.1 ..........................................46 Section 13.3......................................146
Section 5.2 ..........................................49 Section 13.4......................................149
Chapter 5 Wrap-Up..........................52 Chapter 13 Wrap-Up ................152
Chapter 6 Preview............................53 Chapter 14 Preview........................153
Section 6.1 ..........................................54 Section 14.1......................................154
Section 6.2 ..........................................57 Section 14.2......................................157
Section 6.3 ..........................................60 Section 14.3......................................160
Chapter 6 Wrap-Up ....................64 Section 14.4......................................163
Chapter 14 Wrap-Up ....................166
Chapter 7 Preview............................65
Section 7.1 ..........................................66 Chapter 15 Preview........................167
Section 7.2 ..........................................69 Section 15.1......................................168
Section 7.3 ..........................................72 Section 15.2......................................171
Chapter 7 Wrap-Up..........................76 Section 15.3......................................174
Chapter 15 Wrap-Up ....................178
Chapter 8 Preview............................77
Section 8.1 ..........................................78 Chapter 16 Preview........................179
Section 8.2 ..........................................81 Section 16.1......................................180
Section 8.3 ..........................................84 Section 16.2......................................183
Chapter 8 Wrap-Up..........................88 Chapter 16 Wrap-Up ....................186
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe iii
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page iv Printer PDF
Chapter 17 Preview........................187 Section 24.4......................................287
Section 17.1......................................188 Chapter 24 Wrap-Up ....................290
Section 17.2......................................191
Chapter 25 Preview........................291
Section 17.3......................................194
Section 25.1......................................292
Section 17.4......................................197
Section 25.2......................................295
Chapter 17 Wrap-Up ....................200
Section 25.3......................................298
Chapter 18 Preview........................201 Chapter 25 Wrap-Up ....................302
Section 18.1......................................202
Chapter 26 Preview........................303
Section 18.2......................................206
Section 26.1......................................304
Section 18.3......................................209
Section 26.2......................................307
Chapter 18 Wrap-Up ....................212
Section 26.3......................................310
Chapter 19 Preview........................213 Section 26.4......................................313
Section 19.1......................................214 Chapter 26 Wrap-Up ....................316
Section 19.2......................................217
Chapter 27 Preview........................317
Section 19.3......................................220
Section 27.1......................................318
Section 19.4......................................223
Section 27.2......................................321
Chapter 19 Wrap-Up ....................226
Section 27.3......................................324
Chapter 20 Preview........................227 Chapter 27 Wrap-Up ....................328
Section 20.1......................................228
Chapter 28 Preview........................329
Section 20.2......................................231
Section 28.1......................................330
Section 20.3......................................234
Section 28.2......................................333
Chapter 20 Wrap-Up ....................238
Section 28.3......................................336
Chapter 21 Preview........................239 Section 28.4......................................339
Section 21.1......................................240 Chapter 28 Wrap-Up ....................342
Section 21.2......................................243
Chapter 29 Preview........................343
Section 21.3......................................246
Section 29.1......................................344
Section 21.4......................................249
Section 29.2......................................348
Chapter 21 Wrap-Up ....................252
Section 29.3......................................351
Chapter 22 Preview........................253 Chapter 29 Wrap-Up ....................354
Section 22.1......................................254
Chapter 30 Preview........................355
Section 22.2......................................257
Section 30.1......................................356
Section 22.3......................................260
Section 30.2......................................359
Section 22.4......................................263
Section 30.3......................................362
Chapter 22 Wrap-Up ....................266
Chapter 30 Wrap-Up ....................366
Chapter 23 Preview........................267
Section 23.1......................................268
Section 23.2......................................271
Section 23.3......................................274
Chapter 23 Wrap-Up ....................276
Chapter 24 Preview........................277
Section 24.1......................................278
Section 24.2......................................281
Section 24.3......................................284
iv Table of Contents
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page v Printer PDF
Using Your Science Notebook
This note-taking guide is designed to
Date
help you succeed in learning science
NVaCmhoealpctearn Priecv iAewctBthheiarfoevveree tia hybtionouguy strW eyvaoohdulac tatkh KnnIeo o Kcewhsn aaionpbw totehur,et u“vsWoel cthhaaent o “IeW Ws.WhaTanhhtt ea Itn toK lInFi soWitn wtdah” nrOWectueo t tlqo”uum cFeonsilnt uitodomn lnOsis. yutotu content. Each chapttoeor lNisn obctaelsu etdadke oisnn:g the
1.Accept all reasonable entries.1. Cornell Note-Taking
System.
2.
2.
3.
3.
K-W-L Charts
help you assess what you
TrDehTsiehpnHHseokcoSo nI wrhcawnIstiitbo fbeae mewe mttonir e nuawo cwirwegg t.uat h hmhhtlJthdateoia aset rutt n hhsrDriwocsiniassiito pase lebuhecpnlsoelsaced vsvetns oe ehiedjrm oadtmyehvu i ntleerLoaosn avr hse atebtauh lotd p.rehy fp wobaaceunceohn ec ladteo ahtiodr udehef s i adtfEceop oaw y pimlrotdaet uhwotn ew dsahlr iae saktwlto de eam h rmlrter aehaenalgenae gm iddahmt s yaoetea h tnadm ebtwt e rotethaervhnetfeeeeeod m ahrr t tetooeihhn ntpwe tE.wt ibhaalIalteer n trcta ediheoksr ’x esreuape r.ls.tdce uot rhrnirfmedoa ctesy eVnuro?iortsu .flearcc afeun rioctfh Aethcr.tei vciotyld 201 conalcryeeopautd yawf inkondnud ol idodw uel nitak.tbeiof ytuo tw ahat
Name Date
VVVolcanic Activittty
Section18.1Magma
Science Journals Main Idea Details
help you assess Scan Section1ofyourtext.Usethechecklistbelowasaguide.
•Readallsectiontitles.
what you have learned •Readallboldwords.
•Readalltablesandgraphs.
in the Discovery Lab.
•Lookatallthepicturesandreadtheircaptions.
•Thinkaboutwhat youalreadyknowaboutvolcanoes.
Writethreeffactsyoudiscoveredaboutmagma.
1.Studentanswersmayvary. Accept all reasonable answers.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Usethetexttodefinethefollowingterm.
magma amixture of molten rock, suspendedmineral grains, and
dissolvedgases deep beneath Earth’s crust
New
Vocabulary Vocabulary Usethetexttodefinethefollowingterm.
helps you understand viscosity Viscosityisthe internalresistance to flow.
information better. Showyourunderstandingoftheword bywritingadefinitionof
yourown.
Student answers will vary.Possible answer: Viscosityis
measure of how easily aliquid flows.
Academic
Vocabulary Definethefollowingterm.
factor anyof the circumstances or conditions thatbringaboutaresult;
elementthat makes a thing whatitis
202 Section18.1Magma
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe v
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page vi Printer PDF
Date
NSeacMmtiaoeinn H1 I8do.1ewa MMFaagogmrmmaa s(contLin1iDus.etteedttmharipeleesrfaatcutroersthatafffffecttheformationofmagma.
Usewithpage472. 2.pressure
3Aw.dnwheaceaIDrltEtnyhDeeDIEaecaelzaprtelpSrrenaeerspuretcptmeetdrhtoashturFesteh’’sfffpitshsmadnoiiaBru’’egsneSrtaspdrBeru gnSiutteeearlnerhoeturrayelgbt wfffaouraacayp1tfffwnrhrchati8etu seece to-rskch1effeforeehPeI,ettrno cotoDlprdhceauehfrecreratliseyioedcnctoscs amhr ghsrnoieusueonsnprtaaehcrdydlseseeseiktapiip,ehctt.meeiseaaob rotTennteeImhfdnetsr Dweto.commrhecremotaekcaeepctealnrbk uteetstl ie.nehnartear.hdegss teeI eaunwprsnmdroetdehiitecn emlrattoisatniceDanrgMkmIokcein niprcfhneceeortagarWelhiaesnstaeamae teisasnptootoe aeolufgsrAobssnPlwasletoibeboiwnirlf teemteteroltcinkg inbfheoaetrnlwmpdWe atyemhrtoniieauot ti k nnrhuee genb a c aedlco-cieownntrniognsvc treipealtcdiprntee.tdissos e tnanhsnteded
or-
hPeSooswstYismyiNboalutTee m aHtnhisgEew hSdteeIrupZ:s tIEhe w aoofgI utrflhdaye po loohuoils.kwu uecrhpe tathshete hmeeenlogtininnege ipenorFoinintg uoafnre toh1ie8l -s.d1hriailnlleiyn oognue rtxhtpeeex gdtrVi.atopiolhcn atoneixcp Alacitnivity 203 SNeMactmaioinen I1d8e.a2IntrusiveAoVCrceotbnDmionvetpihdtttta.iyaar ieg(lcrsaoamnstiiltnlouasenhddowa dwihkee.thPelar cietiesaachchcahraarcaDtectraeitsretiisctiocfbealoswilli,natdhieke,
•cutsacrosspreexistingrocks
•isparalleltotherocksitintrudes
••misaanfyewarececnotaimrseetgerrsaitnoehdundredsofmetersthick
••iissaapfeluwtocnentimeterstoseveralmeterswide
Graphic Organizers •cise nat ifmeweters Sill•is aB poluthton Dike•is a few
help you summarize mtoe hteurnsd trheidcsk of •cmoaanrsye a grer ained sceevnetirmale mteerste tros
information in a •riso cpkasr aitl leinl ttrou dthees •pcwruiedtesex aisctrionsgs
visual format. rocks
UsePwluTTTittheo cpnatosge na4i7nc8sd. mSeouqnuteainnc-beutihldeinfffoguprrsotecepssseins.vTolhveedfirisntsfoterpmhinagsbbeaetnh ocloitmhsplfertoemd ffforyou.
forciTnwgococnotnintiennetnatlaclrpulsatteinstcootnhveemrgaen,tle.
OR
Name Date oneTpwloatoeciesasnuibcdpulcatteedscinotnovtehregemaanndtle.
Volcanic Activity Chapter Wrap-Up The crust or plate melts into magma.
In the “What I Wanted to Find Out”column,copy the questions you
listed in the Chapter Preview.In the “What I Learned”column,write Magma intrudes into overlying rocks.
down the answers you discovered as you worked through the chapter.
K W The magma cols to form batholiths.
What I Wanted to Find Out What I Learned
Volcanic Activity 207
1.Accept all reasonable entries.1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Review Use this checklist to help you study.
The Chapter Wrap-Up
Study your Science Notebook for this chapter.
Study the definitions ofvocabulary words. helps you assess
Review daily homework assignments.
Reread the chapter and review the tables,graphs,and what you have learned in
illustrations.
Review the Section Assessment questions at the end of the chapter and prepare
each section.
Look over the Study Guide at the end ofthe chapter. for chapter tests.
SUMMARIZE
After reading this chapter,list three things you have learned
about volcanic activity.
Student answers will vary. Accept all reasonable answers.
212 Chapter Wrap-Up
vi Using Your Science Notebook
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page vii Printer PDF
Note-Taking Tips
Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good
notes can help you succeed in science. The following tips will help you
take better classroom notes.
• Before class, ask what your teacher will be discussing in class. Review
mentally what you already know about the concept.
• Be an active listener. Focus on what your teacher is saying. Listen
for important concepts. Pay attention to words, examples, and/or
diagrams you teacher emphasizes.
• Write your notes as clear and concise as possible. The following
symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking.
Word or Symbol or Word or Symbol or
Phrase Abbreviation Phrase Abbreviation
for example e.g. and +
that is i.e. approximately (cid:2)
with w/ therefore (cid:2)
without w/o versus vs
• Use a symbol such as a star ((cid:2)) or an asterisk (*) to emphasize impor-
tant concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that you do
not understand.
• Ask questions and participate in class discussion.
• Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept.
• When working out an example, write what you are doing to solve the
problem next to each step. Be sure to use your own words.
• Review you notes as soon as possible after class. During this time,
organize and summarize new concepts and clarify misunderstandings.
Note-Taking Don’ts
• Don’t write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts.
• Don’t use someone else’s notes as they may not make sense.
• Don’t doodle. It distracts you from listening actively.
• Don’t lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.
Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe vii
00i_viii SNSE_879203 3/22/07 12:56 PM Page viii Printer PDF
001_012_SNSE_879203 3/22/07 11:27 AM Page 1 Printer PDF
Name Date
The Nature of Science
Chapter Preview
Before you read the chapter, use the “What I Know” column to list
three things you know about science. Then list three questions you
have about science in the “What I Want to Find Out” column.
K W
What I Know What I Want to Find Out
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
Science Journal
Describe at least three ways people use Earth science. You may find examples in the news, in
the chapter, or think of examples in daily life.
The Nature of Science 1
001_012_SNSE_879203 3/22/07 11:27 AM Page 2 Printer PDF
Name Date
The Nature of Science
Section 1.1 Earth Science
Main Idea Details
Skim Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that come to
mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions.
1.
2.
3.
New
Vocabulary Use your text to define each term.
astronomy
meteorology
geology
oceanography
environmental science
geosphere
hydrosphere
atmosphere
biosphere
2 Section 1.1 Earth Science