Page iii Earth Patterns Essays in Landscape Archaeology Edited by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most The glory of the garden lies in more than meets the eye. Rudyard Kipling Page iv THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF VIRGINIA Copyright 1990 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia First published 1990 Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Earth patterns: archaeology of early American and ancient gardens and landscapes / edited by William M. Kelso and Rachel Most. p. cm. Revised versions of papers presented at the 1986 Conference on Land scape Archaeology held at the University of Virginia and Monticello, Va., and sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc., and the Univ. of Virginia's Dept. of Continuing Education, Dept. of Anthropology, School of Architecture, and Dept. of Art History. Includes index. ISBN 0813912393 1. Archaeology—Congresses. 2. Landscape assessment—Congresses. 3. Landscape assessment—Virginia—Congresses. 4. Garden archaeology—Congresses. 5. Garden archaeology—Virginia— Congresses. 6. Virginia—Antiquities—Congresses. I. Kelso, Willian M. II. Most, Rachel. III. Conference on Landscape Archaeology (1986: University of Virginia and Monticello, Va.) IV. Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc. CC75.7.E37 1990 930.1'028—dc20 8935142 CIP Printed in the United States of America Page v To Gary Shapiro Page vii CONTENTS Preface xi William M. Kelso and Rachel Most Prologue: Landscapes as Cultural Statements 1 James Deetz I. Virginia Country Gardens and Landscapes 1. Landscape Archaeology at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello 7 William M. Kelso 2. Archaeological Excavations at Bacon's Castle, Surry County, Virginia 23 Nicholas Luccketti 3. The Gardens at Germanna, Virginia 43 Douglas Sanford 4. Robert “King” Carter and the Landscape of Tidewater Virginia in the 59 Eighteenth Century Carter L. Hudgins 5. Imagining the Early Virginia Landscape 71 Dell Upton II. Early American Urban Landscapes 6. The SeventeenthCentury Landscape of San Luis de Talimali: Three Scales of 89 Analysis Gary Shapiro and James J. Miller 7. Recent Evidence of EighteenthCentury Gardening in Williamsburg, Virginia 103 Marley R. Brown and Patricia M. Samford Page viii 8. Garden Archaeology in Old Salem 123 Michael Hammond 9. Mount Clare: An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Restoration of a Georgian 135 Landscape Carmen A. Weber, Elizabeth Anderson Comer, Louise E. Akerson, and Gary Norman 10. Plane and Solid Geometry in Colonial Gardens in Annapolis, Maryland 153 Mark P. Leone and Paul A. Shackel 11. The Calvert Orangery in Annapolis, Maryland: A Horticultural Symbol of 169 Power and Prestige in an Early EighteenthCentury Community Anne Yentsch 12. Archaeology and the Landscape of Corporate Ideology 189 Stephen A. Mrozowski and Mary C. Beaudry III. Ancient Gardens and Landscapes 13. Town and Country Gardens at Pompeii and Other Vesuvian Sites 211 Wilhelmina F. Jashemski 14. Between the Bradano and Basento: Archaeology of an Ancient Landscape 227 Joseph Coleman Carter 15. Reconstructing the Landscape of Rural Italy 245 Stephen L. Dyson IV. Landscape Science 16. Two Centuries of Landscape Change at Morven, Princeton, New Jersey 257 Naomi F. Miller, Anne Yentsch, Dolores Piperno, and Barbara Paca 17. A Method for the Application of Pollen Analysis in Landscape Archaeology 277 James Schoenwetter Page ix 18. FineTuning Floral History with Plant Opal Phytolith Analysis 297 Irwin Rovner Epilogue 309 Thad W. Tate Index 311 Contributors 317 Page xi PREFACE In the mid1980s it seemed that enough unpublished archaeological studies of cultural landscapes had been undertaken in America and the classical world to foster a “firstever” conference on both ancient and modern landscape archaeological research. Consequently, the 1986 Conference on Landscape Archaeology was held at the University of Virginia and Thomas Jefferson's Monticello. It was sponsored by the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Incorporated, and the University of Virginia's Department of Continuing Education, Department of Anthropology, School of Architecture, and Department of Art History. Most of the essays in this volume grew out of presentations at that meeting. Shortsighted land use and landscape preservation are, of course, critical worldwide problems today. It is our hope that learning from this volume what some of the landscape was will, in some positive measure, help determine what the landscape will become. We would like to thank Professors Malcolm Bell, John Dobbins, Jeffrey Hantman, and Stephen Plog for their help in organizing the conference. We wish to sincerely thank the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Incorporated, particularly Daniel P. Jordan, Director, for its support of this volume. We would like to also thank the Richard and Caroline T. Gwathmey Memorial Trust, Robin L. and David W. Munn, and the Center for Historic Preservation, Mary Washington College, for their financial support. Thanks also to the hard work of the many authors of the essays in this volume, and for their patience. WILLIAM M. KELSO AND RACHEL MOST Page xiii EARTH PATTERNS Essays in Landscape Archaeology Page 1 PROLOGUE— LANDSCAPES AS CULTURAL STATEMENTS James Deetz At the southern tip of the African continent, one finds a little piece of England. With its squared fields, divided by hedgerows or stone walls, the resemblance to the moors of Derbyshire is no less than startling. Of course, the topography helps, rolling hills and deeper valleys here and there, but there is more to it than that, for it was not always so. The Albany district, around the frontier town of Grahamstown in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa, was settled by no less than 5,000 English immigrants in 1820. What they encountered bore little resemblance to the home they had left, and high expectations gave way to deep disillusionment. Where fifty acres might have sufficed to run a certain number of sheep in England, five times that amount was needed in this new home. Arid, hot, and covered with thick bushes of thorns, aloe, spekboom, and euphorbia, it must have seemed terribly intimidating. Yet through perseverance they prevailed and recreated the landscape they had left with remarkable precision in many parts of the district. This was not the case for all parts, however, and even now, when one moves from the cooked landscape of the 1820 settlers to the remnants of the raw bush, the contrast is spectacular. The previous landscape served well as browsing ground for the cattle of the indigenous Xhosa herders, as it does even today, but for the English settlers it could in no way suffice for the needs of their agricultural pursuits. So, in creating a landscape through making it useful to them, the settlers at the same time were making a powerful cultural statement, latently symbolic, that impresses to this day. Add to this landscape symmetrical threeoverthree I houses, and one knows immediately that one is in the presence of English culture, thousands of miles from its source. The cultural landscape is such an allpervasive quantity that one wonders why it has not received the attention that archaeologists normally pay to other types of material culture. Of the three dimensions of archaeology (form, time, and space), the spatial dimension seems to have been approached somewhat discontinuously. Households and communities have received their share of attention, and settlement archaeology has a long tradition, but the space between houses and between communities has attracted far less attention, yet it is the very connective tissue that gives houses and communities their proper context. Gardens, fields, trees, roads, and walls all structure the environment according to the set of cultural rules of their creators. We can guess at some of the reasons for this relative lack of attention. First, there is the implicit definition of a site, as Albert Spaulding once said, as “a place where an archaeologist digs.” It follows from this not entirely tongueincheek definition that archaeologists dig
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