Earth Materials. Introduction to Mineralogy and Petrology

1254 Pages·2012·61.44 MB·English

by  Cornelis Klein

Earth Materials
INTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY
The fundamental concepts of mineralogy and petrology are explained in
this highly illustrated, full-color textbook, to create a concise overview
for students studying Earth materials. The relationship between minerals
and rocks and how they relate to the broader Earth, materials, and
environmental sciences is interwoven throughout. Beautiful photos of
specimens and CrystalViewer’s three-dimensional illustrations allow
students to easily visualize minerals, rocks, and crystal structures.
Review questions at the end of chapters allow students to check their
understanding. The importance of Earth materials to human cultural
development and the hazards they pose to humans are discussed in later
chapters. This ambitious, wide-ranging book is written by two world-
renowned textbook authors, each with more than 40 years of teaching
experience, who bring that experience here to clearly convey the
important topics.
Cornelis (“Kase”) Klein is Emeritus Professor in the Department of
Earth and Planetary Sciences at the University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque. He received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in geology from McGill
University, Canada, and his Ph.D. from Harvard University, also in
geology. He has been a member of the geology faculty at Harvard
University; Indiana University, Bloomington; and the University of New
Mexico; he has taught courses in mineralogy at all these universities. His
published books include Manual of Mineralogy (19th–21st eds.); Manual
of Mineral Science (22nd–23rd eds.); and Minerals and Rocks: Exercises
in Crystal and Mineral Chemistry, Crystallography, X-Ray Powder
Diffraction, Mineral and Rock Identification, and Ore Mineralogy (3rd
ed., 2008). He has received two awards for excellence in teaching from
the University of New Mexico.
Anthony R. Philpotts is Emeritus Professor of Geology and Geophysics
at the University of Connecticut, a Visiting Fellow in the Department of
Geology and Geophysics at Yale University, and Adjunct Professor in the
Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts. He
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received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in geology from McGill University, Canada,
and his Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge. He has taught igneous
and metamorphic petrology courses at McGill University and the
University of Connecticut for more than 40 years. His published books
include Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2nd ed., 2009,
Cambridge University Press) and Petrography of Igneous and
Metamorphic Rocks (1989, 2003).
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Cueva de Los Cristales (Cave of the Crystals) in Naica, Chihuahua, Mexico.
The main chamber of the cave contains enormous selenite crystals, some of the
largest natural crystals ever found. Photograph © Carsten Peter.
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Earth Materials
INTRODUCTION TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY
Cornelis Klein
University of New Mexico, Emeritus
Anthony R. Philpotts
University of Connecticut, Emeritus
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32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.
It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning,
and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521761154
© Cornelis Klein and A. R. Philpotts 2013
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant
collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2013
Reprinted with corrections 2013 (twice)
Printed in the United States of America
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data
Klein, Cornelis, 1937–
Earth materials : introduction to mineralogy and petrology / Cornelis Klein,
Anthony Philpotts.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-521-76115-4 (hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-14521-3 (paperback)
1. Mineralogy – Textbooks. 2. Petrology – Textbooks. I. Philpotts, Anthony R. (Anthony Robert),
1938– II. Title.
QE363.2.K529 2012
553–dc23 2011044843
ISBN 978-0-521-76115-4 Hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-14521-3 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/earthmaterials
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for
external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that
any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cover: Photograph of a polished surface of a rock type known as garbenschiefer, from the German
words Garbe, meaning sheaf, and Schiefer, meaning schist. It is a metamorphosed igneous rock and
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consists of coarse black hornblende sheaves and reddish-brown garnets in a fine-grained matrix of
plagioclase, quartz, chlorite, and muscovite. This rock is quarried in Ashfield, Massachusetts, as
“dimension stone,” and is commercially known as “Crowsfoot” Ashfield Stone. It is part of the
Ordovician Hawley Formation, which has a minimum age of 462 million years. Field of view: ~ 15
cm by 20 cm.
Photograph courtesy of Marc Klein.
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Cornelis Klein dedicates this book to his two children and their immediate
families. His son and daughter-in-law, Marc and Laura Klein, and their two
children, Alaxandra and Hugh. And to his daughter and son-in-law, Stephanie and
Jack Stahl, and Stephanie’s three sons, Max, Miles, and Bo Peponis.
Anthony R. Philpotts dedicates this book to his three daughters, Liane, Marlaine,
and Alison.
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Formation of Earth’s chemical elements in supernovae
1.2 Birth of the solar system and Earth
1.3 Accretion and early history of the Earth
1.4 Internal structure of the Earth
1.5 Cooling of the planet and plate tectonics
1.6 Plate tectonics and the formation of rocks
1.6.1 Divergent plate boundaries
1.6.2 Convergent plate boundaries
1.6.3 Transform boundaries
1.6.4 Mantle plumes and hot spots
1.7 Outline of subsequent chapters
Summary
Review questions
Online resources
Further reading
2 MATERIALS OF THE SOLID EARTH
2.1 Definition of a mineral
2.1.1 Examples of some familiar minerals
2.2 How are minerals classified?
2.3 How are minerals named?
2.4 What is a crystal, and what is the crystalline state?
2.5 What is a rock?
2.6 How do rocks form? Classification into igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic
2.7 Examples of some familiar rocks
2.8 Plate tectonics and the generation of rocks
2.8.1 Midocean-ridge rock factory
2.8.2 Convergent-plate-boundary rock factory
2.8.3 Continental divergent-plate-boundary rock factory (rift
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valley)
2.8.4 Mantle plume hot-spot rock factory
2.8.5 Passive-margin rock factories
2.8.6 Epeiric-sea rock factories
2.8.7 Metamorphic rock factories
Summary
Review questions
Online resources
Further reading
3 HOW ARE MINERALS IDENTIFIED?
3.1 Habit
3.2 State of aggregation
3.3 Color and luster
3.3.1 Reasons for color
3.4 Cleavage
3.5 Hardness
3.6 Specific gravity (relative density)
3.6.1 Specific gravity and atomic structure
3.7 Magnetism, solubility in acid, and radioactivity
3.8 Instrumental methods for the quantitative characterization of
minerals
3.8.1 X-ray powder diffraction
3.8.2 Electron beam techniques: scanning electron microscopy,
electron microprobe analysis, and transmission electron
microscopy
Summary
Review questions
Further reading
4 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURES
4.1 Naturally occurring chemical elements
4.2 Atomic and ionic radii
4.3 What factors control the packing of ions (and atoms) in mineral
structures?
4.4 Pauling’s rules
4.5 What forces hold crystal structures together?
4.5.1 Electronic configuration of atoms and ions
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