Early scientific illustrations of the Macaronesian flora: An introduction to pre-19th century artworks

90 Pages·2015·3.55 MB·English

VIERAEA Vol.43 219-308 SantaCruzdeTenerife,diciembre2015 ISSN0210-945X
Earlyscientificillustrationsof the Macaronesianflora:
An introductionto pre-19th centuryartworks
JAVIERFRANCISCO-ORTEGA1,2,11,ARNOLDOSANTOS-GUERRA3,
LAZAROSÁNCHEZ-PINTO4,MARIACRISTINADUARTE5,GERMINALROUHAN6,
EUGENIOSANTIAGO-VALENTÍN7,MARKCARINE8&MARIAM.ROMEIRAS5,9,10
1InternationalCenterforTropicalBotany,LatinAmericanandCaribbeanCenter,
andDepartmentofBiologicalSciences
FloridaInternationalUniversity,Miami,Florida,USA
2KushlanTropicalScienceInstitute,FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden
CoralGables,Florida,USA
3CalleGuaidil16,UrbanizaciónTamarco,Tegueste,Tenerife,Spain
4MuseodelaNaturalezayelHombre,SantaCruzdeTenerife,Spain
5CentreforEcology,EvolutionandEnvironmentalChanges
FaculdadedeCiências,UniversidadedeLisboa
CampoGrande,Lisboa,Portugal
6MuséumNationald’HistoireNaturelle,SorbonneUniversités
InstitutdeSystématique,EvolutionBiodiversitéUMR7205CNRS,MNHN,
UPMC,EPHE-Herbiernational,Paris,France
7DepartamentodeBiología,UniversidaddePuertoRico
SanJuan,PuertoRico,USA
8PlantsDivision,DepartmentofLifeSciences
NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UnitedKingdom
9BiosystemsandIntegrativeSciencesInstitute(BioISI),FaculdadedeCiências
UniversidadedeLisboa,Lisboa,Portugal
10Authorsforcorrespondence([email protected]@yahoo.co.uk)
FRANCISCO-ORTEGA,J.,A.SANTOS-GUERRA,L.SÁNCHEZ-PINTO,M.C.DUARTE,G.ROUHAN,E.
SANTIAGO-VALENTÍN,M.CARINE&M.M.ROMEIRAS(2015).Earlyscientificillustrationsofthe
Macaronesianflora:Anintroductiontopre-19thcenturyartworks.VIERAEA43:219-308.
ABSTRACT:ThenaturalhistoryoftheMacaronesianIslandshasattracted
theattentionofEuropeannaturalistsforalongtime,astheislandsharboura
uniquefloraandfaunanotfoundinthemainland.Asaresult,Macaronesian
organismswerecommonlydepictedinscientificillustrationsoftheday.We
presentapreliminarycatalogueofbotanicalillustrationsthatwereproduced
before the 19th century.We found paintings, engravings, and woodcuts for
182taxafromtheseAtlanticIslands.Ninety-nineofthemareendemicsinat
220 FRANCISCO-ORTEGAetal.
leastoneMacaronesianarchipelago,13forcultivatedspecies,and70fornon-
native or non-endemic organisms. We recognized three groups of illustra-
tions.Thefirstgroup(51taxa)iscomposedofillustrationsmadebefore1753,
the year when Carolus Linnaeuspublished his seminalwork Species Plan-
tarum.Thesecondgroup(60taxa)includesengravingsthatwerepublished
between1754and1799.Thelastgroup(111taxa)comprisesthosepaintings
andengravingsthatwerethedirectresultofplantexplorationthattookplace
between 1687 (Sir Hans Sloane to Madeira from Britain) to 1797 (Captain
NicolasBaudin,withAndré-PierreLedruasoneofthebotanistsandAntonio
Gonzálezasthescientificartist,toTenerifefromFrance).Thefamousplant
collector from Kew Gardens, Francis Masson, also produced watercolours
duringhisvisittoMacaronesiabetween1776and1779.Thefirstgroupdoes
notincludeanybotanicalillustrationforAzores,andonlyonespeciesfrom
the CapeVerde Islands was depicted.The rest of species of this group are
fromtheCanariesandMadeira.ThesecondgroupisalsodominatedbyCa-
narianandMadeiranplantsandhasonlythreespeciesfromAzoresandone
fromtheCapeVerdeIslands.Illustrationsthatwerepartofplantexploration
endeavorsprimarilyyieldedartworkfortheCanariesandMadeira.Thethird
groupdidnothaveanyillustrationfromtheAzores,butGeorgeForster(sci-
entificillustratorandoneofthenaturalistsinthesecondvoyageofCaptain
JamesCook,fromBritain)paintedwatercoloursfor11CapeVerdetaxa.A
totalof296scientificillustrationsofMacaronesianplantswereproducedbe-
forethe19thcentury.Thistotalexcludescopiesofthreeoftheoriginalillus-
trations for Dracaena draco (one woodcut and one engraving) and Rumex
lunaria(onewoodcut),andmultiplesetsoforiginalwatercoloursmadebyG.
Forster,A.González,orF.Masson.
KeyWords:Botanicalhistory,oceanicislands,AtlanticOcean,plantexplo-
ration,botanicalillustration.
RESUMEN:LahistorianaturaldelasislasdelaMacaronesiahaatraídola
atencióndelosnaturalistaseuropeosdesdehacevariossiglos,yaquealber-
ganunaflorayfaunaúnicasquenoseencuentranenloscontinentesadya-
centes.Estohadadolugaraquemuchasespeciesmacaronésicashayansido
frecuentemente representadas en ilustraciones científicas. En este artículo
presentamos un catálogo preliminar de ilustraciones botánicas realizadas
antesdelsigloXIX,queincluyenacuarelas,dibujosygrabadosde182taxo-
nesvegetalesdeestasislasatlánticas.Noventaynuevedeellossonendémi-
cosdealmenosunarchipiélagomacaronésico,13losondeespeciesculti-
vadas,y70correspondenaespeciesintroducidasonativasnoendémicas.En
nuestrotrabajosereconocentresgruposdeilustraciones:elprimero(51ta-
xones) lo componen aquellas realizadas antes de 1753, año en que Carlos
Linneo publicó su trabajo más importante Species Plantarum; el segundo
grupo (60 taxones) incluye grabados que fueron publicados entre 1754 y
SCIENTIFICILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEMACARONESIANFLORA 221
1799,yelúltimogrupo(111taxones)loformanacuarelas,dibujosygraba-
dosquesonresultadodirectodeexpedicionesdeexploraciónbotánicarea-
lizadasentre1687(elbritánicoSirHansSloaneenMadeira)y1797(elfran-
césAndré-PierreLedruenTenerife).Elfamosobotánicodecampoyexplo-
radorFrancisMassontambienrealizóacuarelasdurantesurecorridoporlos
archipiélagosmacaronésicosentre1776y1779.Lamayorpartedelasilus-
tracionesligadasaestosviajescorrespondeaplantasdeCanariasyMadeira.
Enelprimergrupo,porejemplo,nohayningunailustraciónbotánicadeAzo-
res y solo incluye una especie de las islas de Cabo Verde, mientras que el
restosondeCanariasyMadeira.Enelsegundogrupotambiéndestacanlas
especiesdeestosdosarchipiélagos,ysoloaparecentresespeciesdeAzores
yunadelasislasdeCaboVerde.Eltercergrupotampocoincluyeespecies
de lasAzores, pero sí 11 acuarelas de Cabo Verde, realizadas por el britá-
nico George Forster, naturalista e ilustrador científico en el segundo viaje
delCapitánJamesCook.Nuestrocatálogoconstadeuntotalde296ilustra-
cionescientíficasdeplantasmacaronésicasproducidasantesdelsigloXIX.
EstacifraexcluyecopiasparatresdeilustracionesoriginalesdeDracaena
draco(dosgrabados)ydeRumexlunaria(ungrabado),asícomocopiasadi-
cionalesdelasacuarelasoriginalesdeGeorgeForster,AntonioGonzálezy
FrancisMasson.
PalabrasClaves:Historiadelabotánica,islasoceánicas,OcéanoAtlántico,
ilustraciónbotánica.
VETTENSKAPERäroettljust,somsålitermärkesafdemdäruti
vistas,somdethärligenglimmarfördem,somvandraimörkret.
(SCIENCESarealight,whichisaslittlenoticedbythosethat
dwellinit,asitgleamssplendidlyforthosethatwanderindark-
ness).
LINNAEUS[September25,1759inSkuncke(2008)].
INTRODUCTION
Since 1991 the authors of this contribution have been engaged in several projects
pertinenttobotanicalhistoryoftheMacaronesianislands.Thesestudieshavefocusedon
planthuntingexpeditions(Sánchez-Pinto,2004;Francisco-Ortegaetal.,2008,2009,2015;
Romeiras et al., 2014), the interpretation of Pre-Linnaean names (Santos-Guerra, 1993;
Sequeira et al., 2010), ethnobotany, ornamental and cultivated plants (Francisco-Ortega
etal.,1991,1993,2012;Hawkes&Francisco-Ortega,1993;Sánchez-Pinto,1980-a,1980-
b;Santos-Guerra,2008),archivaldocuments(Francisco-Ortega&Santos-Guerra,1999;
Francisco-Ortegaetal.,inpress),plantillustrations(Francisco-Ortegaetal.,1994;San-
tos-Guerra,2009),cataloguingofmajorherbariumcollections(Sánchez-Pinto,1993;Fran-
222 FRANCISCO-ORTEGAetal.
cisco-Ortega et al., 2011; Santos-Guerra et al., 2011), and biographies/contributions of
Macaronesianbotanists(Santiago-Valentínetal.,2015).Duringthecourseofthisresearch
wehavecomeacrossmanyillustrationsdepictingplantsfromtheislands(Santos-Guerra,
2009).The18thandearliercenturiesyieldedaconsiderablenumberofwatercoloursand
engravingsofMacaronesianplants,andmanyofthewatercoloursareinEuropeannatu-
ralhistorymuseumsandremainunpublished.Furthermore,publishedartworksarefound
scatteredinseveralworks.Collectively,theseillustrationsrepresentoneofthebestsources
ofevidenceconcerningtheimpactofMacaronesiaonnaturalistsfromtheEnlightenment.
Studies conducted by Hernández Bello et al. (2012) indicated that zoological and geo-
logical studies also resulted in many illustrations pertinent to the natural history of the
CanaryIslands.
This review considers pre-19th century artworks of Macaronesian plants that were
publishedinnaturalhistoryaccountsorthatwerethedirectresultofscientificexpeditions;
itdoesnotcoverdrawingsorpaintingswithastrictlyartisticaimwithinthefieldsofarts
and humanities.We classify botanical illustrations from Macaronesia in this period into
three main groups. The first, that we term ‘pre-Linnaean’encompasses those paintings,
woodcutsandengravingsthatwerepublishedbefore1753–i.e.beforethepublicationof
SpeciesPlantarum(Linnaeus,1753),theseminalpublicationprovidingthebasisformod-
ernorganismaltaxonomywiththeestablishmentofthebinomialclassificationsystem.Our
second category of ‘post-Linnaean’illustrations, includes those published between 1754
and1799.Thefinalcategorycomprisesillustrationsdirectlyresultingfromscientificex-
peditionsthattookplaceinbothpre-andpost-Linnaeanperiods.
Inthispaperwefirstprovideanoverviewoftheillustrationsineachofthesethreecat-
egoriesandthenprovideacatalogueofthe182Macaronesiantaxaforwhichwehaveiden-
tifiedpre-19thcenturyillustrations.Weendthiscontributionwithafewconcludingremarks
ontheimportanceoftheseartworkswithinahistoricalframeworkgiventhattheywerepro-
ducedintheperiodduringwhichscientificdiscoveryandreasoningmarkedanewwayof
acquiringknowledge,andinwhichtheAgeofEnlightenmentprovidedthefoundationsfor
themodernsciences.
PRE-LINNAEAN ARTWORK
The first group of Macaronesian botanical illustrations encompasses woodcuts and
engravingsthatwerepublishedbefore1753.Withinthisgroupthereisartworkfor51taxa,
andtherearenoillustrationsfortheAzores.TheendemiclegumeLotusjacobaeuswasthe
onlyspeciesfromtheCapeVerdesthatwasdepictedduringthisperiod.
Atotal of 108 images of Macaronesian plants were published before 1753. Among
them,theillustrationofDracaenadracoissuedbyClusius(1601)isacopyoftheonepre-
viouslypublishedbyClusius(1576).Inaddition,thewoodcutofRumexlunariadepicted
byBauhinetal.(1651)isamirrorimageoftheonefoundinL’Obel’s(1576)work.Thevast
majorityofthepre-Linnaeanillustrations(46uncolouredengravingsfor43species)were
published by Leonard Plukenet, a British herbalist who was botanist to KingWilliam III
(Jarvis & Oswald, 2014: 136). Other early illustrations include paintings and engravings
SCIENTIFICILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEMACARONESIANFLORA 223
for15MacaronesianspeciesthatwerecultivatedintheBotanicGardenofAmsterdam,and
thatareincludedintheMoninckxAtlas[afullreviewofthecontentandscopeofthiscol-
lectionofwatercolourswasprovidedbyWijnands(1983)].BasedonthisAtlas,JanCom-
melin(1697,1701)reproduced12uncolouredengravingsandCasparCommelin(1706)in-
cludedoneuncolouredengravingforLavandulacanariensis.
TheearliestillustrationforaMacaronesianplantwouldappeartobeapaintingon
parchmentofAeoniumarboreumbytheGreekherbalistPedaniusDioscorides(Fig.1).It
isfoundinacopyofhisfamousDeMateriaMedicathatwasproducedinTurkeyinc.512
and is currently housed in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. The oldest
known Macaronesian plant illustration of the modern era were published by the famous
Belgium-bornbotanistsCarolusClusius(uncolouredwoodcutsoffourspeciespublished
in 1576, 1601, and 1605) and Mathias de L’Obel (an uncoloured woodcut for Rumex
lunariaissuedin1576)andalsobythewell-knownBritishbotanistJohnGerard[twoun-
coloured woodcuts for Aeonium arboreum (issued in 1633) and Dracaena draco (pub-
lished in 1597)]. The Italian army engineer Leonardo Torriani depicted the first Mac-
aronesianplantfromthewildinthelate16thcentury(between1584-1592).Torrianivis-
itedElHierro(CanaryIslands)undercommissionfromtheSpanishCrown(Cioranescu,
1999:16-19)andsubsequentlymadeonewatercolourofthefamousraintreeor“Garoé”
(Ocoteafoetens)[seeHernándezGutiérrez(1998)andBarriosGarcía(2010,2012-b)for
ahistoricalreviewpertinenttotheiconographyofthislegendarytree](Fig.2).Torriani’s
watercolourwasnotpartofabotanicalornaturalhistorymanuscriptsincethemainfocus
ofhisworkwastoprovideanethnographicalandhistoricaloverviewoftheCanariesdur-
ingthelate16thcentury.HismanuscriptispreservedintheUniversityofCoimbra,Portu-
gal[Torriani,1592;MartínRodríguez,1986;seeCioranescu(1999:27)fordetailsofthe
publicationofTorriani’smanuscript].
UncolouredengravingsofMacaronesianplantswerealsopublishedinthe17thcentury
bybotanistsfromItaly(TobiaAldiniin1625,forPerseaindicathatwascultivatedinFar-
neseGardens,Rome),Switzerland(JeanBauhin,JohannCherler,andDominiqueChabrey
in 1651, for Rumex lunaria), the Netherlands (Abraham Munting in 1696, for Aeonium
arboreumandJasminumodoratissimumthatwerelikelycultivatedinhisfamily’sbotanic
gardenknownasthe“ParadiseofGroningen”),andBritain(RobertMorisonin1699,for
Cedronella canariensis and Salvia canariensis).The earliest known coloured engravings
werepublishedbytherespectedGermanapothecaryBasiliusBesler(in1613)forAeonium
arboreumandJasminumodoratissimuminhisHortusEystettensiswhichdepictsindividu-
alsgrownatthegardensofPrinceBishopofEichstättinBavaria,Germany.Uncolouredver-
sionsofBesler’sengravingswerealsoissued.During16yearsBeslerworkedtirelesslyto
producethedrawingsofthistwovolumebook,andatleastsixengraverswereinvolvedin
this work, the most important beingWolfgang Killian from Germany (Blunt, 1951: 95).
Besler’sartworksmarkedacriticaltransitioninthehistoryofscientificillustration,froma
period dominated by woodcuts to a new one in which copperplate engravings prevailed
(Keeler,2009:9).
Anadditional20botanicalillustrations,depicting13specieswereissuedinthe18th
century prior to the publication of Linnaeus’Species Plantarum in 1753.All were un-
colouredengravingsexceptthosepublishedbytheDutchbotanistAlbertusSeba(forPersea
224 FRANCISCO-ORTEGAetal.
Figure1.-PaintingonparchmentoftheCanarianendemicAeoniumarboreum(L.)Webb&Berthel.
(Crassulaceae)byanunknownartist(Dioscorides,c.512).ImagecopyrightoftheÖsterreichischeNa-
tionalbibliothek,Vienna.
SCIENTIFICILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEMACARONESIANFLORA 225
indicaandTelinecanariensis,printedin1735),bytheGermanapothecaryandherbalistJo-
hannWeinmann(forDracaenadracoandJasminumodoratissimum,publishedin1742),
andbytheBritishbotanicalillustratorElizabethBlackwell(fortwosimilarcopiesofaplate
ofDracaenadracothatwereissuedbetween1737and1739andbetween1754and1757,
respectively).Theremaining14engravingsarefoundintheworksoftheGermanbotanist
JohannVolckamer(engravingsfortwospeciesthatwerepublishedin1700andwerebased
onmaterialcultivatedinVolckamer’sbotanicgardeninNuremburg,Germany),theBritish
apothecaryJamesPetiver[illustrationsfortwospeciesfromLaPalma(CanaryIslands),in-
cludingoneofthelichenRoccellatinctoriathatwerepublishedin1709,anddepictmate-
rialsentbytheScottishsurgeonJamesCuninghameduringhistriptoChina],theFrench
botanistGuillaumeNissole(oneillustrationofAizooncanariensepublishedin1711),the
GermanphysicianAugustinWalther(threeplatesfordifferentspeciesthatwereissuedin
1735, and showed individuals cultivated in his garden at Leipzig, Germany), the French
priestandphysicianJacquesBarrelier(twoengravingsforonespecieseachthatwerepub-
lishedin1714,andwerebasedonplantsrecordedbyhiminItaly,France,and/orSpain),
the German-born Oxford Professor of Botany, Johann Dillenius [depicting three illustra-
tionsfordifferentspeciesthatwerecultivatedinJamesSherard’sGardenatEltham,Eng-
land,drawingsandengravingswereexecutedbyDillenius(1732)],andLinnaeus[1738,for
CanarinacanariensisgrowninthegardenofGeorgeClifford(theHortusCliffortianus)at
Haarlem,Holland].
Figure2.-AchromaticwatercolourofOcoteafoetens(Aiton)Baill.(Lauraceae)fromtheislandofEl
HierrofoundinTorriani’s(1592)manuscript.ItislikelythatthepaintingwasmadebyLeonardoTor-
riani.ImagecourtesyofUniversityofCoimbra.
226 FRANCISCO-ORTEGAetal.
POST-LINNAEAN ILLUSTRATIONS
The secondgroup of Macaronesian illustrations includes artwork prepared between
1754and1799.Intotal,thereare77illustrationsofwhich70areengravingsandsevenare
watercolours,andtheydepict60taxa.AmongthentheengravingofDracaenadracopublished
byRömer(1796)isacopyoftheonepreviouslyissuedbyVandelli(1768).Thewatercolours
werepaintedbytheGermanbotanistJohannWendlandandareinanunpublishedmanuscript
housedattheGottfriedWilhelmLeibnizBibliothek -NiedersächsischeLandesbibliothek,
Germany (Wendland, 1789).They depict plants cultivated in the Herrenhausen Gardens,
Hanover,Germany.MostoftheremainingillustrationswerepublishedbytheDutchborn
botanistNikolausJacquininaseriesofworksissuedbetween1776and1798(22engravings
and22species)andbytheFrenchtaxonomistCharlesL’Héritier(20engravingsand20species
publishedbetween1786and1805).WehavefollowedSchubert(1945),Anonymous(1964),
Buchheim(1965),andTaxonomicLiterature(workpublishedinseveralvolumesinRegnum
Vegetabile,abookseriesoftheInternationalAssociationofPlantTaxonomists)toassigndates
tothepublicationsproducedbythesetwoauthorsbecausesomehavepoorlyunderstoodre-
leasedates.ThreeoftheplatesfoundinL’Héritier(1805),(i.e.,forthelegumesAdenocarpus
foliolosus,Genistatenera(Fig.3),andSpartocytisussupranubius)wereposthumouslypub-
lishedwhenhislibrarywassoldinanauctionin1805(Buchheim,1965:45).Sixteenofthe
illustrationspublishedbyL’Héritierand13ofthosepublishedbyJacquinwerebasedonma-
terialcollectedinMacaronesiabyFrancisMasson(seebelow).Afurther11ofJacquin’sen-
gravingsdepictplantsthatwerecultivatedinAustriangardens.AllofJacquin’sengravings
were coloured. In the case of L’Héritier’s work, there are both coloured and uncoloured
versionsoftheengravingsforsevenofthespeciesdepicted,theremainingillustrationsare
uncoloured.Duringthelate18thcenturyTheCurtis’sBotanicalMagazinealsoprovidedan
important avenue for the publication of illustrations of plants from Macaronesian and 12
colouredengravings(12species)werepublishedinthisjournalbetween1790and1799.
Amongthe16remainingpost-Linnaeanengravings(14species),thefourplatespub-
lishedbytheSpanishbotanistAntonioCavanilles(1787,1788,1791,and1795)andtheil-
lustrationofDracaenadracoissuedbyDomenicoVandelliin1768,apparentlybasedonone
individual cultivated in Portugal, were uncoloured; the remaining illustrations were
coloured.Ofthose,theItalianGiorgioBonellipublishedfourengravingsbetween1775and
1780ofspeciescultivatedinItaliangardens,likelyfromRoma,whilsttheBritishbotanist
JamesEdwardSmith,founderoftheLinneanSocietyofLondonpublishedanengravingof
Ixanthusviscosusin1793.IntheNetherlands,GeorgeSchneevoogt(1793)publishedaplate
of Clethra arborea and Maarten Houttuyn (1796) an illustration of Phalaris canariensis
whilst in Switzerland,Augustin P. De Candolle (1799) published two plates of succulent
plants,oneofwhich(Aichryson×aizoides)wasfromanindividualgrowninthegardens
of“Cels”(JacquesMartinCels)inParis.Finally,withinthissecondgroupofillustrations,
colouredengravingsforCedronellacanariensisandPhalariscanariensiswerepublished
byananonymousauthorinthe1779and1792volumesofPlantarumIndigenarumetEx-
oticarumIconesadVivumColoratae.
Among the species illustrated in the post-Linnaean period, only three species from
theAzoresweredepicted:Hypericumfoliosum(byJacquinin1798)andFrangulaazorica
SCIENTIFICILLUSTRATIONSOFTHEMACARONESIANFLORA 227
Figure3.-ColouredengravingoftheMadeiranendemicGenistatenera(Jacq.exMurray)Kuntze
(Fabaceae).DrawingmadebyPierre-JosephRedoutéandengravingexecutedbyJacquaesJuillet
(L’Héritier,1805).ImagecourtesyoftheHuntInstituteforBotanicalDocumentation.
228 FRANCISCO-ORTEGAetal.
andPericallismalvifolia(byL’Héritierin1790and1789,respectively).Awatercolourof
theCapeVerdeendemicLotusjacobaeuswaspaintedbyJohannWendland(seeabove)and
coloured engraving of this species was published in The Curtis’s Botanical Magazine by
WilliamCurtisin1790(Fig.4).
ILLUSTRATIONS RESULTING
FROM SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS (1687-1797)
ThethirdandfinalgroupofMacaronesianbotanicalillustrations(111taxa)includes
artworksthatwereproducedduringsixmajorpre-Linnaeanorpost-Linnaeanplantexplo-
ration expeditions for which Macaronesia was either the main focus or a port of call for
voyagestowardsotherregionsoftheWorld.Theearliestofthesevisitswasperformedby
theBritishphysicianandnaturalistSirHansSloanetoMadeiraenroutetoJamaicainSep-
tember1687(Sequeiraetal.,2010).Sloane(1707,1725)publisheduncolouredengravings
for13taxafromthisislandthatdepictherbariumspecimenscollectedduringthisvisit.
TheFrenchnaturalistandastronomerFatherLouisFeuilléevisitedtheCanaryIslands
twice(in1708andin1724)(Bourgeois,1967:341,343-344;Puig-Samper&Pelayo,1997;
Herrera-Piqué,2006-a).DuringhissecondtriphestayedintheislandsofLaGomera,ElHi-
erro,andTenerife.Feuillée(1724)wroteanextensivemanuscriptaccountofhisvisitand
afacsimilewaspublishedbyHerrera-Piqué(2006-b).Thismanuscript,housedattheNat-
uralHistoryMuseumofParis,hasunsignedachromaticwatercoloursforonelichenspecies
(Fig.5)and30taxaofplants.Santos-Guerra(2006-b:623)suggestedthatthesepaintings
weremadebyFeuilléehimself,althoughacknowledgingthatatleastsomeoftheillustra-
tionscouldhavebeenexecutedbyhisassistantCharlesVerguinwhowasapainter.
TheBritishNavalofficerCaptainJamesCookisrenownedforhisthreevoyagesof
explorationaroundtheworld.HecalledatMacaronesianportsduringeachexpedition(Fran-
cisco-Ortegaetal.,2015).SirJosephBanksfromBritainandLinnaeus’sdiscipleandBanks’
assistantDanielSolanderfromSwedenwerethebotanistsonthefirstvoyagewhichcalled
inMadeirainSeptember1768.HerbariumspecimenswerepreparedandtheBritishartist
SydneyParkinson(seebelow)made22drawings(22taxa),16ofwhichhefinishedaswa-
tercolours.Parkinsondiedofdysenterylaterintheexpedition,soonafterleavingBatavia,
Javainearly1771(Blunt,1983).HissixremainingdrawingsofMadeiranplantswereeven-
tuallywatercolouredinEnglandbyThomasBurgis(onepainting)andunknownartists(five
paintings) (Blunt, 1983). Sydney Parkinson’s watercolours made during the first voyage
aretheearliestknownscientificcolouredplantpaintingsmadeinMadeira.Thecomplete
setofcopperengravingsthatwereexecutedfromhispaintingsincludedplantsfromAus-
tralia, Brazil, Java, Madeira, New Zealand, Society Islands, andTierra del Fuego.They
constitutewhatisformallyknownasBanks’Florilegium.TheyarelocatedintheBotanyLi-
braryoftheNaturalHistoryMuseumofLondonandareregardedasonethefinestcollec-
tionsofbotanicalartworkresultingfromascientificexpedition.
Duringhissecondvoyage,CookstoppedinMadeira(lateJuly-earlyAugust1772),
theCapeVerdes(August1772),andtheAzores(July1775).JohannReinholdForsterand
hisyoungsonGeorgeForster,bothfromGermany,joinedthissecondvoyageasthemain