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Early Modern Urbanism and the Grid: Town Planning in the Low Countries in International Context. Exchanges in Theory and Practice 1550-1800 PDF

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Early ModErn UrbanisM and thE Grid ARCHITECTURA MODERNA Architectural Exchanges in Europe, 16th-17th Centuries Vol. 10 Series Editors: Krista De Jonge (Leuven) Piet Lombaerde (Antwerp) Advisory Board: Howard Burns (Vicenza/Pisa) Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann (Princeton) Jean Guillaume (Paris) John Newman (London) Konrad Ottenheym (Utrecht) Ulrich Schütte (Marburg) E M U G arly odErn rbanisM and thE rid t P l C own lanninG in thE ow oUntriEs in i C ntErnational ontExt E t P xChanGEs in hEory and raCtiCE 1550–1800 Edited By Piet Lombaerde & Charles van den Heuvel H F Cover illustrations: Simon Stevin, City plan, in: Ms. Hendrick Stevin, Eenighe stucken der Crychconst beschreven door Simon Stevin, (The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 128 A-g-II). (background) Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, design for redevelopment and extension of Gävle (Stockholm, The Military Archives, KrA: SFP Gävle 28). © 2011, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2011/0095/23 ISBN 978-2-503-54073-3 Printed in the E.U. on acid-free paper C ontEnts Introduction IX Piet Lombaerde and Charles van den Heuvel “Tractable Materials”. Der Architekt zwischen ‘Grid’ und ‘Ragion di Stato’ 1 Werner Oechslin Multilayered Grids and Dutch Town Planning. Flexibility and Temporality in the Design of Settlements in the Low Countries and Overseas 27 Charles van den Heuvel Stevin’s Grid City and the Maurice Conspiracy 45 Wim Nijenhuis Fortification and Town Structure. Wilhelm Dilich’s Peribologia (1640) and its Connection to Fortification Theory in the Low Countries 63 Tobias Büchi The Grid and the Existing City. Or how New Civic Buildings and Interventions on Confiscated Grounds Transformed the Medieval City in Early Modern Times: a Focus on Antwerp (1531–84) 77 Jochen De Vylder Netherlandish Expertise in Swedish Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Urban Planning 95 Nils Ahlberg Castrametatio and the Grid in the Spanish Habsburg World. Contributions from the Low Countries 1550-1750 129 Piet Lombaerde Toward an urbanismo austríaco. An Examination of Sources for Urban Planning in the Spanish Habsburg World 161 Jesús Escobar Delirious New Amsterdam 177 Christopher P. Heuer The Late Eighteenth-Century U.S. Rectangular Land Survey and Frank Lloyd Wright’s Recuperation of its Enlightenment Ideal 187 Neil Levine Chicago Architecture and the American Grid 207 David Van Zanten V ContEnts List of Illustrations 215 Selective Bibliography 225 Index of Names and Places 237 Contributors 249 VI s E ’ P EriEs ditor s rEfaCE This publication is the first integral volume on urban design in the Architectura Moderna series. The Low Countries occupied an extraordinary position in this area of archi- tecture – in the broadest sense – during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in Europe. Throughout these centuries, the conviction grew that architecture was not only relevant to the design and realisation of construction projects, but that it was also essential to the conception and layout of the city. This applied both to the transformation of existing cit- ies and to the creation of new cities. Because the Southern Netherlands remained under the control of the Spanish-Habsburg Empire until the early eighteenth century, there were numerous contacts between architects and engineers from the Southern Netherlands and the vast Spanish-Habsburg Empire, to which the New World belonged. It is interesting to note the inclusion of the new urban design in models of fortifications for cities according to the new system of bastions. Military architecture and urban design were inseparably linked. On the other hand, contributions to theory development had been made in the Republic of the Northern Netherlands since the late sixteenth century. Simon Stevin was a true groundbreaker in this regard, having exercised enormous theoretical and practical influence on city planning throughout the entire seventeenth century. The concepts of castrametatio and the use of grid patterns form a recurrent theme. This publication pays considerable attention to the discussion concerning the meanings of these essential terms in the urban design of the Early Modern Era. These terms represent the key modern concepts for the new urban design that was prominent in Western culture throughout a long period, defined as the late sixteenth century to the late eighteenth century. The scholars participating in this publication explored the relations and possible exchanges between urbanism and fortification in the Low Countries during the sixteenth and seven- teenth centuries, in terms of both theory and practice. In this book, they also address the development of architectural and urban projects, both built and unrealised, in Europe and America. On 8 May 2009, the Faculty of Design Sciences (University of Antwerp) and the Rockox House Museum hosted an international symposium entitled New Urbanism and the Grid: The Low Countries in international context. Exchanges in Theory and Practice 1550- 1800. This publication is the outcome of the discussions during this symposium, which was organised by Piet Lombaerde and Charles van den Heuvel. The study of New Urbanism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was made possible by the Research Fund of the University College of Antwerp. We are grateful to Dr. Nils Ahlberg for allowing us to call upon his expertise in the course of our research. This book was compiled largely according to the various lectures of the fourth international symposium, which was organised by the Henry van de Velde Institute in connection with a broader study of innovation in the area of architecture, urban design and fortification design in the Southern Netherlands, particularly in Antwerp. This symposium was made possible through the financial support of the Antwerp University College and the hospitality of the Management of KBC, particularly Leo van de Gender (Communications Manager of the KBC Bank) and Hildegard van de Velde (curator at the Rockox House Museum in Antwerp). We are grateful to all of the authors, with particular thanks to Charles van den Heuvel for his complete dedication to the success of this project. Without his scholarship and years of research in the area of the history of fortification design and urban design, this project would have never reached a favourable conclusion. VII PiEt loMbaErdE Special thanks are also due to Jesús Escobar, Professor at Northwestern University (Evanston, Illinois, USA) for his willingness to conduct a critical reading of the introduction to this book. His comments and questions contributed to the preparation of this introduction. With this publication, we would like to stimulate a new perspective on the history of urban design, in terms of both theory and practice. In the opinion of the authors, innovation in urban design, together with fortification design, infrastructure and water management, are typical of the Low Countries during the Early Modern Era. Moreover, such developments generated many exchanges, and they have even had considerable influence in the area of urban design in general. Piet Lombaerde Series Editor Association of the University and University Colleges of Antwerp VIII i ntrodUCtion Piet Lombaerde and Charles van den Heuvel Getting a Grip on the Grid The grid is probably the most defused form of planned cities and at the same time remains a most intriguing instrument in the history of urban planning in the Old and New Worlds. Although the term is commonly used in its singular form, there is a great variety of this urban form built and theorized, from army camps to utopian settlements, leading to inter- pretive associations with domination and democracy. As a result of continuous changes in the content and context of the use of “grid” as a term, anachronisms can hardly be avoided. On the one hand the term is used in the historiography of town planning in the specific con- text of urban planning in the United States since the end of the eighteenth century; on the other hand the term is often alternated with the orthogonal layout of cities and buildings all over the world from Antiquity to the twenty first century. In a recent publication, The Grid Book, Hannah Higgins equates the term with a range of loose associations having to do with brick construction, linear projection systems on maps, musical notation, double-entry ledger systems, applications of checkerboard floor in perspective paintings, ship containers and computer networks.1 While such comparisons are based on similarities in formal aspects of the grid, in particular in rectangular grid-like structures, we need to keep in mind that at the same time different grid forms are often associated with similar functions. For instance, Frank Lloyd Wright’s view on democratic land-use translated into the rectangular grid of Broad-Acre City had its radial counterpart in the utopian Democracity presented during the New York’s World Fair of 1939. Indeed, the relationship between the grid and politics was one of the most pressing issues that emerged during the colloquium. Although the urban grid in its most common interpretation (as a system of lines meeting at right angles within regular spaces which are either square or rectangular) might in principal be considered as value free – that is, neither oppressive nor democratic – in practice these sorts of political associations related to urban form prevail.2 The political issue is fundamental since it reveals the risks of reducing and comparing complex spatial organization of society to abstract forms as apparent in many morphological studies of the twentieth century. For instance in the case of thirteenth-century Florentine New Towns, several authors, such as Marconi and Friedman, explained the hier- archical structures of these cities via the lens of a common design method employed by their builders.3 Yet, one could argue instead that their layouts can only be explained by looking to contextual forces beyond the shape of the grid itself. In fact the administrative organization of the mother town Florence into quarters explains the reason of their designs, as well as the irregular development of the quarters in new towns. 1 H. B. Higgins, The Grid Book, (Cambridge (Mass.) - Urban Design in the Late Middle Ages, (Cambridge London 2009). (Mass.) 1989). For a recent critical comparative 2 E. W. Soja, Seeking Spatial Justice, (Minneapolis analysis: W. Boerefijn, The Foundation, Planning 2010). and Building of New Towns in the 13th and 14th 3 P. Marconi, La città come forma simbolica. Studi Centuries in Europe. An Architectural-historical sulla teria dell’architettura nel rinascimento, Research into Urban Form and its Creation, (PhD (Rome 1973); D. Friedman, Florentine New Towns. dissertation, University of Amsterdam 2010). ix PiEt loMbaErdE and CharlEs van dEn hEUvEl This example is characteristic of discussions during the colloquium, which are reflected in the contributions of this book. Rather than presenting the grid as an explicatory model, several contributors, such as Werner Oechslin, Charles van den Heuvel, Wim Nijenhuis and Neil Levine question the grid and try to find modes of thinking and underlying historical practices that might explain the variety in grid-like structures. In his philological exploration of historical antecedents of the grid in architectural theory, Werner Oechslin not only demon- strates how such structures were used in a critical way to formulate opinions on democracy and the good functioning of the state in Antiquity, the Renaissance and early modern period, but also the arbitrariness of the historiographical line that reduces the theory of town plan- ning and the ideal city to design methods and formal schemata. Charles van den Heuvel and Wim Nijenhuis explain how various planning traditions that resulted in grid-like structures in the Low Countries were combined in the seventeenth century and theorized by Simon Stevin in a culture of ‘mathesis’ that served the education and formation of Prince Maurice in support of the young Dutch Republic. The translation of old planning traditions into theory in support of a new political framework, seems diametrically opposed to the development of the grid in United States since its authorization by the Federal government in 1785 and its establishment of the Land Act of 1796. Neil Levine describes how the grid that had grown out of Enlightenment ideals of rational organization, systematic classification, and egalitarian opportunity during the nineteenth century in the U.S. would lose its sense of idealism, until Frank Lloyd Wright reinstated the grid to instantiate the idea of a democratic community building. These examples make clear that it is impossible to come up with an all encompassing definition and that we are in need of critical alternative readings of the grid. This need has become even more apparent with the introduction of technologically centered approaches to the study of cities and the application of Geographical Information Systems, which often carry with them the risk of reducing complex urban phenomena and losing historical context in the pursuit of formal schemata. First of all, we need a better understanding of the histori- cal background of the term. Oechslin explains that the term was not used before the nine- teenth century and discusses it historical antecedents: figure, line and “geometria”.4 Second, we need to know how the term grid has been used in various historical contexts. For that reason we proposed for the colloquium a diachronic approach that does not follow a simple historiographical line with the grid as a common explicatory model, but in which the grid is problematized by comparing complex relations between grids and town planning in theory and practice in various historical contexts overtime. Such an allows us to get a better grip on the complexity of the deceptively simple form of the grid. The following themes emerged from the symposium, its follow-up discussions, and the resulting papers that make up this volume: Grid: communication by design and instructions We begin by touching upon the great diffusion of grid-like plans across a wide expanse of geography. If there are external influences or exchanges with local practices at work in this process, how did communication take place? How, for instance, can we explain 4 This explanation was given by Werner Oechslin Theory of Architecture’, Nexus Network Journal, during the closing discussing of the International vol .3, n° 3, 2001, http://www.emis.de/journals/NNJ/ Symposium in May 2009 in the Museum Rockoxhuis Sbacchi.html. in Antwerp. See also: M. Sbacchi, ‘Euclidism and x

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