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NATURE LIBRARY LIFE I'M *1*^ jsr \ -» fl • M 2*. =V «\S LIFE NATl'RK LIBRARY EARLY MAN M TIME Dm BOOKS ® LIFEWORLD LIBRARY LIFE NATURE LIBRARY TIME READING PROGRAM THE LIFEHISTORYOFTHEUNITEDSTATES LIFE SCIENCE LIBRARY INTERNATIONALBOOKSOCIETY GREATAGESOFMAN TIME-LIFE LIBRARYOFART TIME-LIFE LIBRARY OFAMERICA FOODSOFTHEWORLD LIFE NATURE LIBRARY EARLY by F. Clark Howell and the Editors of TIME-LIFE BOOKS TIME-LIFE BOOKS NEW YORK 6 About the Author — F. Clark Howell has been interested in "stones and bones" as he — calls the study ofpaleoanthropology since high school days, when he won a tuition fellowship to the University of Chicago. Enrolling there after service inthe navy, Howell studied under two important teachers. From Sherwood L. Washburn (now at the University of California and a consultant for The Primates in this series) he de- veloped a solid background in physical anthropology and the evolution of human behavior. From Robert Braidwood he derived an J. interest in prehistory. In combining the influences of his two men- tors, Howell has become the outstanding representative ofthat new breed ofanthropologists who are able to synthesize data from many — fields the earth sciences, human paleontology and prehistoric ar- cheology. He has excavated early man sites in Spain and Africa, studied museumcollectionsandprehistoric sites throughout Europe and the Middle East and participated in many international semi- nars on human evolution. Today Professor of Anthropology at Chi- cago, he has written numerous scientific papers, edited two books, and is the authorofa forthcoming volume on The Emergence ofMan. ONTHECOVER:Thisistheskull ofa Neanderthaler, one of 10 skeletons found on Mount Carmel in Pales- tine in the 1930s. Nearly 40,000 years old, it is discussed on page 127. Men like this are believed to be ancestorsofmodem I'.uropeans. jI I96 IlineIin Allriylii-reserved Publishedsimultaneous!) in< .mada. Revised 1968 1 atalogueiardnumber65-201 Schoolandlibi n. distributionb) silwi BurdenCompany Contents PAGE Introduction 7 1 The Case for Man's Antiquity 9 2 Back beyond the Apes 31 3 Forward from the Apes 47 4 Homo Erectus: A True Man at Last 77 5 The Tools of Stone Age Man 101 6 Just Who Was Neanderthal? 123 7 The Dawn of Modern Man 144 8 The Persistent Savage 168 Bibliography 193 Appendix 194 Credits 196 Index 197 TIME-LIFE BOOKS LIFENATURELIBRARY EDITOR editor:MaitlandA. Edey MaitlandA.Edey AssociateEditor: PercyKnauth EXECUTIVEEDITOR AssistantstotheEditor: RobertMorton,JohnPaul Porter JerryKorn Designer: PaulJensen TEXTDIRECTOR ARTDIRECTOR StaffWriters: DaleBrown,TimothyCarr, PeterWood MartinMann SheldonCotler ChiefResearcher: MarthaTurner CHIEFOFRESEARCH Researchers:JaneAlexander, DavidBridge, Peggy Bushong. BeatriceT.Dobie YvonneChan,NancyJacobsen, PaulaNorworth, PICTUREEDITOR Carol Phillippe, Marjorie Pickens. Susan Rayfield. RobertG Mason RoxannaSayre,NancyShuker, IrisUnger,JohnvonHartz AssistantTextDirectors: HaroldC. Field,OgdenTanner EDITORIALPRODUCTION AssistantArtDirector:ArnoldC.Holeywell ColorDirector: Robert L. Young AssistantChiefofResearch:MarthaTurner CopyStaff: MarianGordonGoldman. MurielKotselas, • FlorenceKeith i'i HiISHER Pi,luii Department: DoloresA. Littles,Joan I. Lynch RhettAustell ArtAssistants:JamesD.Smith. MarkA Binn. JohniNewcomb GeneralManager:JosephC.Hazen |r PlanningDirector:JohnP.SousaIII CirculationDirector:Joan1) Manley MarketingDirector:(lartcrSmith Business Wanager:JohnD. McSweeney PublishingBoard Ni<holasBenton, LouisBronzo JamesWendell Forbes \llphasesofthisbook,fromplanningand organization to finalediting,wereundertheprofessionaldirectionol I Clark Howell rhetextchapterswerewrittenb) Maitland \ Edej thepictureessaysb) DaleBrown, rimoth) Carr, Robert MortonandPeterWood rhefollowing individualsanddepartmentsol lime lm werehelpful inproducing the book Lifi lafTphotographersYali |oelandDmitri Kessel; the <Ihiel ol the Lni Pitture Ijbrar). Doris<>'NeiI; the Chiel ol thi liMi I hi Newsservice KhIi.imIM Clurman:andtheChiefol the Bureau ol Editorial Reference, Peter Draz.