Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution - Assets - Cambridge

13 Pages·2011·0.18 MB·English

Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
More information
Index
‘Aquilapollenites’quadricretaceus,315 Alabama,fossillocalities,78–9 earlyphases,475–6
‘Aralia’,491 Alangium,364 LateCretaceous,476–7
‘Aralia’kolymensis,92 Alaticolpites,108 mid-Cretaceous,476
‘Awnedseeds’,191 Alatospermum,355 tempo,477
‘Eucalyptus’geinitzii,241 Albertarumpueri,260,262,264 angiosperms,age
‘Ficus’neurocarpa,229,413 Aldrovanda,316 estimates,156,157
‘Laurus’macrocarpa,201 AlexanderIsland,98 fossilevidence,156–8
‘Liliacidites’minutus,212 Alismacitesprimaevus,217 fossilrecord,17–19
‘Magnolia’palaeopetala,413 Alismaphyllumvictor-masonii,217 angiosperms,diversification,19–20
‘Populus’potomacensis,308 Alismataceae,262–3 angiosperms,phylogeny,1–3,3–5,165
‘Retitricolpites’geranioides,279 Alismatales angiospermy,8–10
‘Sparganium’aspensis,297 fossilsofuncertainrelationships, Anisophylleadisticha,328
‘Williamsonia’recentior,201,390 256–7 ANITAgrade,5
Aachen,67 Allericarpus earlydiversification,475
Acaciaephyllum,217,251,267 A.clausenispermus,366,372 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,169–71
A.spatulatum,251 A.pentaphylacoides,366,367,372 phylogeny,164,169
Acaenaanserinifolia,190 Allicospermumretimirum,115 pollination,441,442
Acanthopanax Alloephedra,111 Annona,225
A.friedrichii,386 A.xingxuei,112 Annonaceae,224–6
A.gigantocarpus,386 AllonQuarry,78 Anonaspermum,225
A.mansfeldensis,386 Alloniadecandra,317,322–3 AntarcticPeninsula,98
A.obliquocostatus,386 Alphonsea,225 Antarctica,fossillocalities,98–9
Accuratipollis,314 Altingiaceae,320–1 Antevsia,138
Acoraceae,255–6 Amarjolia,432 AnthocormTheory,143
Acoritesheeri,256 Amarjoliadactylota,129 anthophytes,146,147
Acorusbrachystachys,256 Amaryllidaceae,268 phylogeny,1–3,4,144–5,146,147–8
Actinidia,375 amber,preservation,34–6 AnthostrobilusTheory,141
Actinidiaceae,374–5 Amborella,171 Antiquacupula,390,392,400,410
Actinocalyx,400,412 Amesoneuron,251 A.sulcata,337,338
A.bohrii,366–7,368,378,439,442 Anacardiaceae,357 Antiquocarya,341,342–5,392
Ademanthemumiteoides,324 Anacostia,205–7,212,252,410 A.nuda,345,346
Adoxaceae,386 A.marylandensis,205,206 A.verruculosa,345,346
Aegianthussibiricus,117 A.portugallica,206 Aphananthecretacea,334
Aerophyllitesintertrappea,251 A.teixeirae,206 Apiaceae,385
Aerorhizosharrissii,251 A.virginiensis,205,206,252 Aponogeton,265
Africa,fossillocalities,85–7,96 Anamirta,291 Appomattoxia,214,246,290,410,458
Afropollis,83,85,87,96,208–10,437 A.pfeifferi,291 A.ancistrophora,246,247
A.aff.jardinus,208 Androdeciduaendressii,317,323 AptianGreensand,69
A.jardinus,208 androecium,12–13 Aptianaradiata,27
A.operculatus,208 Cretaceousflowers,400–4 Aquiabrookensis,295,297,298,389,392,
A.zonatus,208 origin,151–2 490
Agapitocarpusemisxus,287,288 Androglandulatennessensis,237 Aquifoliaceae,385
Aguacarpus,392,409 Androvettia,78 Aquilapollenites,314–15,472
A.hirsutus,303,306,307 anemophily,418 A.delicates,315
Ailanthoxylon,358 anemophily,seepollination,bywind AquilapollenitesProvince,472
Ajatipollis,312 angiospermdiversification Araceae,59,257–62
573
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
More information
574 Index
Araceae(cont.) Atriaecarpum,291 birds
phylogeny,487 Australia,fossillocalities,97–8 dispersalby,449
Araliaantiqua,386 Austria,fossillocalities,66–7 fossilhistory,427
Araliaceae,385–6 Austrobaileyaceae,177 pollinationby,426–7
Araliaecarpumkolymensis,285,286 Austrodiospyroscryptostoma,376,377 Blankenburg,68
Araliopsoides,293 Autunia,137 Bleasdaleableasdalei,302
AraripeBasin,88 Axelrodiaburgeri,159 Bluffopollisscabratus,357
Araripiaflorifera,220,389 Boehmeria,335
Arcellites,463 Baikalophyllum,91 BohemianCretaceousBasin,65
Archaeamphoralongiservia,374 Baisiahirsuta,91 Boraginaceae,380
Archaeanthus,79,227,390,392,409,410, Baisianthusramosus,113 Bougainvillea,316
413,437,442 Banisteriophyllum,332 Bowerbankella,291
A.linnenbergeri,227,228 BanknearBrooke,75 Brachyphyllum,65,83,96,467
Archaefagaceafutabensis,338,339 Banksiaarchaecarpa,301 Brasenia,175
Archaefructus,25,94,95,162,172,193–5, Banksieaephyllum,301 Braseniella,175
388,391,408,410,413,437 Barclayopsisurceolata,175 Braseniopsis,173
A.eoflora,193 Bayerithecahughesii,116,117 B.venulosa,176,479
A.liaoningensis,193 Beaupreaidites,301 Brassicaceae,359
A.sinensis,193 Beckettia,365 Brassicales,358–9
Archaeozostera,265 Bedellia,352,392 Bratzevaea,315
Archaepetala B.pusilla,346 BraunRanch,80
A.beekeri,229 bees,seeHymenoptera Brazil,fossillocalities,87–8
A.obscura,229,413 beetles,seeColeoptera Brenneripollis,83,211,257
Archamamelisbivalvis,317–18 BEGgroup,104–5,119–24,147 B.pellitus,212
Archaranthus,390 Cretaceousvegetation,465 Brn´ık,65
A.krassilovii,300 fossilseeds,119,121 Brukkaros,96
Arecaceae,268–70 phylogeny,103 Buarcos,62
Arecoideostrobusmoorei,270 unassignedfossils,119–24 Buarcospermum,465
Argentina,fossillocalities,100 Beipiao,95 B.tetragonium,119,121
Aristiadichotoma,210 Beipiaoa Bu¨ckeburg,67
Aristolochia,247 B.parva,190,191 Bucklandia
Aristolochiaceae,246–7 B.rotunda,191 B.indica,129
Aristolochioxylonprakashii,247 B.spinosa,190,191 Budurone,72
Aristolochiteskamchaticus,247 Bennetticarpus Budvaricarpus,337,346,347,354,390,392,
Arjonatuberose,314 B.antoinetteae,430,431 410,412
Arthur’sBluff,80 B.crossospermus,127 B.serialis,346
Artocarpusdicksonii,28,335 B.wettsteinii,126,130 BullMountain,77
ArundelFormation,73 Bennettitales,46 Burseraceae,357
Ascarina-likeplants,481 compressions,129–30 Butomaceae,264–5
A˚sen,30,70–2 Cretaceousvegetation,464–5 Butomus,265
AshdownBeds,69 habit,124,125 butterflies,seeLepidoptera
Asimina,225 leaves,124 Buxaceae,307–8
Asparagaceae,268 permineralised,128–9 Buxales
Asparagales phylogeny,124 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,303–7
fossilsofuncertainrelationships,268 reproductiveorgans,124–8 Buxapollis,308
Asteraceae,385 Bennettitales,seealsoanthophytesandBEG Buxusglomerata,308
asterids Bennettites
fossilsofuncertainrelationship,36 B.litchi,128 CarlNielsenA/S,72
phylogeny,361 B.tylosus,127 Cabomba,175
Asterocarpinus,352 Berberidaceae,289 Cabombaceae,172–6
Asteropollis,85,91,93,180,181–2,210, Betulaceae,352 diversificationpatterns,478–80
434,435 diversitypatterns,492–3 Calathiocarpuscalyciferus,345,347
A.asteroides,181 Bevhalstia,69 Callicryptachlamydea,286
AtaneFormation,82 B.pebja,70,189–90 Calodadelevoryana,198,199,390,392
Atherospermataceae,233 Bicameria,342 Calycanthaceae,233–5
Atlantopollis,340 Bifarialaintermittens,137 Calycocarpum,291
atmosphericcarbondioxide,50 biostratigraphy,55 Campanulaceae,385
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978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
More information
Index 575
campanulids Ceratophyllaceae,185 Coleoptera
fossilsofuncertainrelationship,383 Ceratophyllum,185,191 fossilhistory,421
phylogeny,383 phylogeny,164 pollinationby,421
Canada,fossillocalities,81 Ceratostratiotescretaceus,186 Colorado,fossillocalities,80–1
Canellaceae,244 Cercal,59,60 Combretaceae,355
Canellales Cercidiphyllaceae,321 Commelinaceae,272
diversificationpatterns,484 Cercidiphyllumjaponicum,8 Commelinales,272
Cannabaceae,334–5 Cercidiphyllum-likefossils,321 compressionfossils,preservation,
Canrightiaresinifera,221,222 Ceriopscantiensis,332 32–4
cantharophily,421 Chaneya,382 Congo,fossillocalities,87
Cantiaarborescence,27 Chaoyangialiangi,111 conifers
Cantisolanumdaturoides,382 charcoal,29–30,33,49,387,413, Cretaceousvegetation,467
Caprifoliaceae,386 466,468,469 dispersal,446–7
Capsulocarpusdakotensis,201 Cheirolepidiaceae,46,80 phylogeny,103
Cardstoniatolmanii,263,265 Cretaceousvegetation,465–7 pollination,416
Caricopsis,217 habit,465 Conospermiteshakeaefolius,114
Carnoconites,130 palaeoecology,465 Convolvulaceae,382
C.compactum,131 Cheiropleuriabicuspis,9 coprolites,429,433
C.cranwelli,131 ChengziheFormation,93 coreeudicots
carpels,13–15 China,fossillocalities,89,93–5 diversficationpatterns,489
Cretaceous,394,408–10 chiropterophily,427–8 Cornaceae,364–5
origin,154 Chloranthaceae,59,180–5,208,417 Cornales
Carpestella,170,392,409 diversificationpatterns,480–3 diversitypatterns,488
C.lacunata,170,171 phylogeny,164 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,
Carpolithusconjugatus,199,200 Chloranthistemon,181,183–5,187,390,392 362–4
Caryanthus,337,341,347,354, C.alatus,184,185 Corystospermales,131–4
390,412 C.crossmanensis,185,186 leaves,132
C.elongatus,347 C.endressii,184,185 Costacarpus,342
C.knoblochii,345,347 Chontrocarpus,288 Couperites,207,410
Caryophylloflorapaleogenica,315 C.pachytoichus,289 C.mauldinensis,198,207,211
Caspiocarpuspaniculiger,90,195,196, Chulym-Yeniseiarea,91 Craigia,360
389 CinderBeds,69 Cranea,352
Casuarinacovilli,114 Cinnamomum Cranwellia,314
Casuarinaceae,352 C.felixii,237 Cranwellipollis,301
Catefica,59,60 C.prototypum,237,242 Crassidenticulum,181
Cathiaria,91,286 Circaeasteraceae,290 Crassulaeceophyllum,324
C.zhilinii,285,286 Cissites,289 CratoFormation,88
Caytonanthus,135,136 CitadelBastion,98 Cratoniacotyledon,110
C.arberi,135 CLAMP,46 Credneria,68,291,293,491
Caytonia,134 ClarnoNutBeds,497 C.integerrima,28
C.nathorstii,135 Classopollis,47,48,52,64,80,89,429 C.zenkeri,294
Caytoniales,134–7 Cretaceousvegetation,465,466 Cretacaeisporitesscabratus,180,292
dispersal,451 pollination,429 Cretotrigonaprisca,423
leaves,134 Clavatipollenites,93,100,177,180,181, Cretovariumjaponicum,34,202,253,267
pollination,429 207,210–11,404,407,434,435 Crinopollisgroup,160
reproductiveorgans,134–7 C.hughesii,70,210,211 Cronquistiflora,226,231,410
Cedrelospermum,335 Clethracimbrica,374 C.sayrevillensis,220–3
Celastrales,329–30 Clethraceae,374 Crossosomatales,357
Celtidophyllum Climate-LeafAnalysisMultivariate Cunoniaceae,330
C.cretaceum,334 Program,46 Cunonioxylon,330
C.praeaustrale,334 ClockhouseBrickworks,70 Cupania,358
Celtoidanthuspseudorobustus,334 Clusiaceae,331 Cupressinocladusvaldensis,466
Cephalanthus,381 Coahuilanthusbelinda,335 Curcubitales,336
Ceratopetalum Cobbania,259 Curvitinospora,291
C.gummiferum,328 Cocculophyllum,291 Cycadeoidea,124,125,432,464,466
C.priscum,330 CocobeachSequence,86–7 C.dacotensis,129
C.wilkinsonii,330 co-evolution,20–1 C.fisherae,129
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978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
More information
576 Index
Cycadeoidea(cont.) D.odontopteroides,133 D.antarctica,246
C.gibsoniana,129 D.odontopteroidessubsp.obiculoides, D.patagonica,246
C.maccafferyi,129 132 Droseraceae,316
C.morierei,127,128,129 Dictyopteridiumfeistmanteli,139 Drybalanoxylon,360
C.reichenbachiana,129 Dictyozamites,124 Dryophyllum,350
C.saxbyana,129 Dioscoreahemsleyi,8 DurlstonBeds,69
C.wielandii,129 Dioscoreaceae,266 Dusembaya,175
Cycadeoideaceae Dioscoritescretaceus,266 DutchGap,75
pollination,432 Dipelta,386
Cycadeoidellajaponica,129 Diploclisia,291 Ebenaceae,375–6
Cycadolepiswettsteinii,126,130 Diplodipelta,386 Echimonocolpites,269
cycads,103 Diplycosiopsiswalbeckensis,366,367,374 EdmontonGroup,81
dispersal,445–6 Diptera Egypt,fossillocalities,83,84–5
phylogeny,102–3 fossilhistory,424–5 Eichhornia,272
pollination,415–16,428 pollinationby,423–5 Eisleben,68
Cyclanthaceae,266–7 Dipterocarpaceae,360 Elaeagnaceae,336
Cyclanthodendronsahnii,274 Dipterocarpoxylon,360 Elaeagnacites,336
Cyclanthus,270 Dirhopalostachysrostrata,195 Elaeocarpaceae,330
C.messelensis,266 Disanthus Elaterates,108–9
Cymodoceaceae,265 D.austriacus,322 Cretaceousvegetation,465
Cyperacitessp.,111 D.hercynicus,322 pollination,429
cyperoids,270 Discoclethra stratigraphicrange,466
Cyrillaceae,373 D.maxima,366,374 Elaterocolpites,108
CzechRepublic,fossillocalities,66 D.polysperma,366,374 Elateroplicites,108
Czekanowskia,139 D.valvata,366,367,374 E.africaensis,109
Czekanowskiales,139 dispersal Elateropollenites,108
Cretaceousvegetation,467 coevolutionhypothesis,458 E.jardinei,109
conifers,446–7 Elaterosporites,108,429
DabeigouFormation,94 cycads,445–6 E.klaszii,109
Dahlgrenianthus,341,347 EarlyCretaceous,451–3,455 E.protensus,109
D.suecicus,347 Ginkgo,446 E.verrucatus,109
DakotaFormation,79 Gnetales,447 Elatides,467
Dalbergites,192 LateCretaceous,455–6 Elatinaceae,332
Davisicarpum,291 mid-Cretaceous,453–5 Elatine,332
Dawangzhangzi,95 pre-angiospermvegetation,450–1 Elchaxylon,132
Debregiasia,335 temporaltrends,452 Eliseevskoye,92
DeccanIntertrappeanBeds,97 dispersalsystems,448 Elsemaria,95,413
fossilmonocots,253,270 dispersal,by E.kokubunii,34,36,313
DeccanTraps,43,97 birds,449 Emmenopterys,381
Deccananthus,472 fish,449 endozoochory,458
Deccananthussavitrii,255 insects,449 Endressianthus,342,347–9,352,390,392,
Decodon,355 reptiles,449 410,412
Degeneriaceae,231 vertebrates,449–50 E.foveolatus,347
Denkaniaindica,137 disperserhypothesis,458 E.miraensis,347,348
Densinervum,181 Divisestylus,318,412 Endressinia,231,392,409,413,436,442
DenverFormation,81 D.brevistamineus,318,319 E.brasiliana,223,226,390
depositionalenvironment,24,25 D.longistamineus,318,319,438 entomophily,419–26
Desmiophyllum,139 diversitypatterns Eoanthazherikhinii,91,113
Detrusandra,226,231,410 Cretaceous,49,463 Eocalthazoophilia,292
D.mystagoga,220,221 Donlesiadakotensis,185,190,191 Eoceltisdilcheri,334
Diapensiaceae,378 doublefertilisation,16 Eoeuryale,175
Dichastopollenites,199,211 DragotFormation,83 Eoglandulosa,442
Dicheiropollis,466 Dressiantha,359,412 E.warmanensis,332,441
Dicksoniaceae,462 D.bicarpellata,359 Eohypserpa,291
Dicotylophyllum,277 Drewriapotomacensis,108,109–10 Eomastixia,365
Dicrinopollis,160 Drewry’sBluff,75 Eomimosoideaplumosa,440
Dicroidium,132 Drimys Epacridicarpum,373
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978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
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Index 577
E.cannelatum,366,367 Eubotrys,374 flowers,16
E.cretaceum,366,367 Eucommia,381 diversity,11
E.rugulatum,366 Eucommiaceae,381 origin,5–6,150–1
Ephedra,105–6 Eucommiidites,114–15,381,465 size,fossils,413
E.americana,106 Eucommiitheca FortUnionFormation,81
E.archaeorhytidosperma,111 E.hirsuta,116,117 FossilBluffGroup,98
E.drewriensis,110,119 eudicots,404–6 Foveomorphomonocolpiteshumbertoides,225
E.foliata,107 earlydiversification,476 Frenelopsis,46,65,84
E.intermedia,106 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,283–9 F.oligostomata,64
E.portugallica,110 phylogeny,276,311 Freyantha,91
Ephedripites,85,107 eumagnoliids F.sibirica,286
Ephedrispermumlusitanicum,110,119 earlydiversification,476 Friisicarpus,91,297–8,390,392,399,409,
Ephedrites,258,465 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,220–3 410
E.antiquus,112 phylogeny,164–6,219 F.brookensis,295,297,298,389,392,
E.guozhongiana,112 pollination,441 490
E.johnianus,314 Euphorbiaceae,332 F.carolinensis,297
ephedroidpollen,108 Eupomatiaceae,226 F.elkneckensis,298,392,436
ephedroids Eupteleaceae,290 F.marylandensis,297,298,392
Cretaceousvegetation,465 Eurya Fritonia,291
epigyny,394–5,397 E.carpatica,366,373 fruits,16
epizoochory,453,458 E.crassitesta,366,373 fleshy,Cenozoic,456
Equisetiteslyelli,462 E.holyi,366,373 fleshy,Cretaceous,453
Equisetosporites,107 Euryale,175 Furculagranulifer,161
Equisetum,83 evaporites,49 Futabanthus,391,410
Cretaceousvegetation,462 extinctions,477 F.asamigawaensis,202,225
Eragrositeschangii,111,189 K-Tboundary,496
Erdtmanipollis,307 Gabon,86
E.cretacea,308 Fabaceae,333 Galeacornea,108,429
E.procumbentiformis,308 Fabales,333–4 GambaSequence,86
Erdtmanispermum Fagaceae,350 gametophytes,16
E.balticum,115,119 Fagales,63,336–54 Gangamopteris,138
E.juncalense,115 core,336 Ganitroceras,365
Erdtmanitheca diversificationpatterns,491–5 Garryaceae,381
E.portucalensis,116 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,337–8 GayHead,77
E.texensis,115,116,117 phylogeny,337 geologicaltimescale,40
Erdtmanithecales,114–19 stratigraphicoccurrence,494 Geonomites,252
Cretaceousvegetation,465 FairlightClay,69 Georgia,fossillocalities,78
Erdtmanithecales,seealsoanthophytes Famalica˜o,61 Geraniaceae,354
andBEG ferns Geraniales,354
Ereniastenoptera,111,114 Cretaceousvegetation,462 Gereilatiapicnoclada,199
Eretmonia,138,139 Ferrignocarpusbivalvis,352 Germany,fossillocalities,66,67–8
Ericaceae,373,374 FigueiradaFozFormation,62 Gerocladus
Ericales fish,dispersalby,449 G.foliosus,199
diversitypatterns,489 fleshyfruits,454 G.selaginelloides,199
fossilsofuncertainrelationship, flies,seeDiptera Gerofit,83
366–72 floralarchitecture,12 Gerofitialochii,199
phylogeny,366 floralfeatures Gigantonoclealagrelii,9
Eriospermocormusindicus,268 temporaltrends,420 Ginkgo
Erlingdorfia,293 floralmerism Cretaceousvegetation,467
E.montana,296 Cretaceousflowers,394 dispersal,446
Esgueira,64 floralorganisation,396 phylogeny,103
Esgueiria,355–7 floralorgans pollination,415–16,428
E.adenocarpa,64,355,356 numbers,11 Ginkgoales
E.futabensis,355,356 position,394–5 Cretaceousvegetation,467
E.miraensis,355,356 synorganisation,414 GippslandBasin,97
Etheridgeasubglobosa,360 temporaltrends,435 Gironnieragonnensis,334
EuanthialTheory,5,141–2,143 floralsymmetry,11,412 Gladiopomumdutoitides,137
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978-0-521-59283-3 - Early Flowers and Angiosperm Evolution
Else Marie Friis, Peter R. Crane and Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen
Index
More information
578 Index
Gleicheniaceae,462 Hedycaryoxylon,244 Illiciphyllumdeletum,179
Glenrose,80 H.hortonioides,244 Illicitesastrocarpa,179
Glossopteridales,138–9 H.subaffine,244 Illicium
leaves,138 H.tambourissoides,244 I.anisatum,179
reproductiveorgans,139 Hedyosmum,59 I.avitum,179
Glossopteris,138 Hedyosmum-likeflowers,182–3,184,391, I.fliegelii,179
Glossotheca,139 397,399,408,409,410,434 I.floridanum,179
G.orissiana,138 Hedyosmum-likeinflorescences,182,388, I.geiseltalensis,179
Gmu¨nd,67 389 I.germanicum,179
Gnetaceaepollenites,107,465 Heilongjiang,93 India,fossillocalities,96–7
Gnetales,103,105–6,109–14 Heleophyton,263 inflorescences
Cretaceousvegetation,465 HelezFormation,83 Cretaceous,388–91
dispersal,447 Heliconiaitesmohgaonensis,274 insects,dispersalby,449
diversificationpatterns,108 Heliconites,274 Insitiocarpus,303
phylogeny,103 HellCreekFormation,81 Integricorpusrigidus,315
pollen,106–8 Hemerocallis,213 Interporopollenites,340,341,342,348
pollination,416–17 Hemitrapa?sp.,190 Iodesgermanica,381
Gnetales,seealsoanthophytesand Hernandiaceae,235 IpubiFormation,88
BEG Hexaporotricolpites,307,308 Irtyshenia,175
Gnetum,105–6 Hibiscoxylon,360 Ischnophyton,124
G.edule,108 Hidakanthus,95,391,410,413 IsleofWight,69
G.gnemon,9 H.shiinae,202 Isoetales
pollination,417 Himantandraceae,231 Cretaceousvegetation,462
Gomortegaceae,235 Hironoiafusiformis,363 Israel,fossillocalities,82–4
Gondwana,40–5 Hirsutumintermittens,139 Italy,fossillocalities,72
Gothanipollis,314 Hloubeˇt´ın-Huteˇ,65 Iteaceae,324
graminoids,271 Hoisington,79 Itea-likefossils,324
GreatBritain,fossillocalities,68–70 Holochlamys Ixostrobus,139
GrebenkaRiver,92 H.beccari,259
GreenRiverFormation,497 H.guineensis,259 JamesRossIsland,99
greenhouseconditions,39 HorseshoeCanyonFormation,81 Japan,fossillocalities,89,95–6
Grevillea,301 Huangbaijiegou,95 Jatrorrhiza,291
Grevilleophyllum,301 Huerteales,358 Jebel(Djebel)Mudaha,85
Grewioxylon,360 Hydatellaceae,171–2 JeholBiota,94–5
Grexlupuscarolinensis,242 Hydnoraceae,248 Jerseyanthus,410
GrinsteadClay,69 Hydrocharitaceae,264–5 J.calycanthoides,234,235
Grossulariaceae,324 Hymenoptera Jianshangou,95
growthrings fossilhistory,422 Jilin,94
palaeoclimaticindicators,46 pollinationby,421 JiufotangFormation,94
Gru¨nback,67 Hyphaeneocarpon,270 Joffreaspeirsiae,321,322
GurvanEren,93 Hyphaeneocarponaegyptiacum,269 Johnstonia,132
Gurvanella,114 hypogyny,395,398 Jordan,fossillocalities,83,84
G.dictyoptera,111,114 Hyrcanthakaratscheensis,90,284–5, Jugella,107,258
gynoecium,13–15 389 Juglandaceae,354
Cretaceous,408–10 Hythiaelgarii,27 diversitypatterns,494–5
Gyrocarpus,236 Juncaceae,270
Gyrocarpusocarpon,355 Icacinaceae,380–1 Juncal,61
Icacinicarya,380
Haitingeriakrasseri,126,130 I.budvarensis,381 Kachar,90
Haloragaceae,323–4 I.papillaris,381 Kachchianavicula,135,136
Hamamelidaceae,321–3 Icacinoxylon,64,95 Kaidacarpumsibiricum,117
Hamatiaelkneckensis,295,297,298,392, Ievleviadorofeevii,185,190,191,329 Kalymmanthuswalkeri,229,413
436 Ilexantiqua,385 Kansas,fossillocalities,79–80
Hammenia,180 Ilexpollenites,385 Karstinfillings,67
HaslamFormation,81 Illiciaceae,seeSchisandraceae Kasicarpa,91
HastingBeds,69 Illiciospermum,178 K.melikianii,300
Hausmannia,68 I.pusillum,178,179 Kazakhstan,fossillocalities,89–91
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Index
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Index 579
Kendostrobus,107 Leguminanthus,128 Liriodendroxylon,226
Kenilworth(Bladensburg),76 L.siliquosus,130 Liriophyllum,79,227
Kennella,92 Lena-VilyuyRiverBasin,91 L.kansense,228
K.harrisiana,192 Leongathiaelegans,192 L.populoides,229
Keraocarpon,95,410 Lepidoptera Litocarpon,227
K.mastoshii,202 fossilhistory,426 L.beardii,229,231
K.yasujii,202 pollinationby,425–6 Litseopsisrottensis,237
KeymerTileworks,70 Lepidopteris,137 Lobospermum,465
kimberlitepipes,96 Leptostrobus,139 L.glabrum,119,121
KingGeorgeIsland,99 L.cancer,139 L.rugosum,121
KingsclereBorehole,70 Lesqueria,392,409,413 L.stampanonii,119,121
KirkwoodFormation,96 L.elocata,80,200,390 Lochiellasetosa,199
KlikovFormation,66 Lethomasitesfossulatus,215–14 LondonClayFlora,497
Klikovispermum,322 Leucothoe,374 Longapertites,269
Klitzschophyllites,85,215,217 L.praecox,366 Longstrethiavaridentata,179
K.flabellatus,216 Lewalanipollis,301 Loranthaceae,314
Kokhav2well,83 L.trycheros,302 Lovellea,390,409
KolymaRiver,92 Liaoning,fossillocalities,94–5 L.wintonensis,98,233,235
KomeFormation,82 Liaoningocladusbaii,217 Lusicarpus,392,409
Koonwarrafossil,196 Liaoxia,112 L.planatus,37,280,303,305,306
KoonwarraFossilBeds,97 L.acutiformis,112 Lusistemon,305,392
KorumburraGroup,97 L.cheniae,111,112,189 L.striatus,37,279,280,303,306
KrivorechenskayaFormation,92 L.elongata,112 LusitanianBasin,57
K-Tboundary,99 L.longibractea,112 stratigraphy,59
floristicchanges,496 L.robusta,112 lycopsids
fossillocalities,80–1 Libya,fossillocalities,85 Cretaceousvegetation,462
KurnubGroup,82 Lidgettonia,139 Lyonia,374
Kurtzipites,315 L.mucronata,137 Lysimachia,376
Kutaflora,91 Lignierispermum,465 Lythraceae,355
Kysul-zhar(Karatau),90 L.maroneae,119,121
Kyzylshensuite,90 Liliacidites,207,213,215,252,261,267 Mabelia,203,252,267
L.kaitangataensis,212 M.archaia,203,224
Lactoridaceae,247–8 Liliales M.connatifila,203,224
Lactoripollenitesafricanus,248 fossilofuncertainrelationship,267 Macginicarpa,297,298
lamiids Limnobiophyllum,258,266 Madagascar,fossillocalities,96
fossilsofuncertainrelationship,378–9 L.dentatum,251,258 MadhyaPradesh,97
phylogeny,378 L.scutatum,258 Maesaceae,375
landplants,phylogeny,2,3,102 Limnocarpus,265 Magnolia,226
Lappacarpusaristata,190 Lindacarpa,317 Magnoliaceae,226–31
Lardizabalaceae,290 L.pubescens,318 Magnoliaceoxylon,226
LasHoyas,65 Linderarottensis,237 Magnoliaephyllum,241
Lauraceae,67,236–43 Linnenberger’sRanch,79 Magnoliaespermum,226
Laurales Liquidambar,321 Magnoliaestrobusgilmouri,227
diversificationpatterns,484–5 Liriodendrites,227 Magnoliales
fossilsofuncertainrelationship,232–3 L.bradacii,228 diversificationpatterns,485–6
LauralesA,232,238 Liriodendroidea,227,229,230,410 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,224
LauralesB,232,238,392,409,410,432,433 L.alata,229,230 magnoliids,4,11
Lauranthusfutabensis,242,243 L.asiatica,229,230 Magnolioxylon,226
Laurelia,233 L.carolinensis,229,230 Maiandrocarpus,288,390,392
Laureliopsis,233 L.costata,229,230 M.moirasmenus,287,288
Laurelitesjamesrossii,233 L.germanica,229 MakatiniFormation,96
leaves,7–8,155 L.latirapha,229,230 Malliocarpus,288,390,392
palaeoclimaticindicators,45–6 L.protogea,229 M.batrachoides,287,288
physiognomy,45–6,47,48 L.tenuitesta,229 Malpighiales,330–2
preservation,27–9 Liriodendron,226,230 Malpighiastrum,332
Lebanon,fossillocalities,84 L.tulipifera,227 Malvaceae,360
Leefructusmirus,283 Liriodendropsis,227 Malvales,360
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580 Index
mammals M.magnifica,129 phylogeny,333
fossilhistory,428 pollination,432 Nordenskioeldia,308–9
pollinationby,428 Monetianthus,390,392,408,409,410,413, Normacarpus,342
Manglietia,226 434,436,437 Normanthus,342,349,410,412
Manicorpus,472 M.mirus,35,173,174,397,434 N.miraensis,349
Manningia,341,349 Mongolia,fossillocalities,92–3 Normapolles,53,63,64,66,67,340,406
M.crassa,345,349 Monimiaceae,243–4 dispersedpollen,340
mantleplumeformation,39 Monocolpites,269 flowers,341–9
MarckundaFormation,98 monocots Normapollescomplex,338–49
Marcouia,161 dispersedpollen,252 pollination,439–40
Marsilea,80 earlydiversification,476 stratigraphicoccurrence,493
Maryland,fossillocalities,76–7 fossilleaves,250–2 NormapollesProvince,339,472,492
Massachusetts,fossillocalities,77 fossilsofuncertainaffinity,252–5 NorthCarolina,fossillocalities,77–8
Mastixia,365 phylogeny,166,249–50 NorthDakota,fossillocalities,81
Mastixiocarpus,365 pollination,441 Nothofagaceae,349–50
Mastixioidfloras,365 Monocrinopollis,160 diversitypatterns,492
Mastixioideae,365 Monoletes,432 Nothofagidites,350,473
Mastixiopsis,365 Montsechiavidali,65 Nothofagites,53
Matoniaceae,462 Montsechites(Ranunculus)ferreri,65,191, Nothofagoxylon,350
MauldinMountain,77 192,289 Nothofagus,53,350,473
Mauldinia,193,238,241,243,390,392, Moraceae,335 Nuhliantha,203,252,267
409,413,437 moths,seeLepidoptera N.nyanzaiana,203,224
geographicdistribution,485 Multimarginites,160 Nuphar,175
M.angustiloba,67,238,240 Musacardiosperma,273,274 Nupharanthuscretacea,84
M.bohemica,197,238,241 Musgraveinanthusalcoensis,301,302 Nymphaea,175,434
M.hirsuta,238,239 Musocaulon,274 N.mesozoica,175
M.mirabilis,238,239,438 myophily,423–5 Nymphaeaceae,172–6
Mauritiidites,53,269 Myricaceae,352–3 diversificationpatterns,478–80
MawhoubWest2borehole,84 Myricanthium,390,409,413 Nymphaeales
Mayoa,59,252,435 M.amentaceum,197 diversificationpatterns,478–80
M.portugallica,258,259–60 M.pragense,198 stratigraphicoccurrence,480
Meeusella,91 Myristicaceae,224 Nypa,53,268,270,473
Meliaceae,357 Myrsinaceae,375,376 N.fructicans,270
Meliorchiscaribea,268 Myrsine,376 Nyssa,365
Meliosma,303 Myrtaceae,355 Nyssaceae,365
M.praealba,303 Myrtaceidites,355 Nyssidium,192
Menispermaceae,291 Myrtales,354–7
Menispermicarpum,291 Obispocaulismyriophylloides,324
Menispermites,28,289,291 Najas,265 Oculopollis,340
M.‘tenuinervis’,479 Nathorstiana,68,462 Odontocaryoidea,291
M.potomacensis,308 Nazare´,61 OldCrossmanClayPit,77
Menispermophyllum,291 Nebraska,fossillocalities,79–80 Onagraceae,355
MersaMatruh1borehole,85 nectaries,412,438 Oncoba,331
mesofossils,preservation,32,387–8 Negev,83 Onoana
Microaltingia,317,412 Nelumbites,90,293 O.californica,192
M.apocarpela,319,320 Nelumbonaceae,292–3 O.nicanica,92
Microdiptera,355 diversitypatterns,489–90 Onychiopsis,47,65,72,95,462
Microvictoriasvitkoana,173,204 Netherlands,fossillocalities,66 O.psilotoides,50
mimicry,436 NeuseRiver,78 OraShalesFormation,83
Minevroniacapitata,199 Neuseniatetrasporangiata,241,242 Orapakimberlite,96
Minorpollis,341 NewJersey,fossillocalities,77 Orchidites
Mira,63 NewZealand,fossillocalities,99 O.lancifolius,217
Mitocarpus,288,390,392 Nikitinella,175 O.linearifolius,217
M.elegans,287,288 Nilssoniopteris,124 ornithophily,426–7
Mneme,355 Nipadites,268,270 orogenicevents,39
MngazanaFormation,96 Nipaniophyllum,130 ovaries,13–15
Monanthesia,124,432,464 nitrogen-fixingclade Cretaceous,408–10
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Index
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Index 581
Cretaceous,412 Palmocarpon,255,270,473 Phyllites,161,277
origin,152–4 P.bracteatum,270 phyllotaxis
Oxalidales,330 P.compressum,270 Cretaceousflowers,394
P.insigne,270 extantflowers,392–3
Paatuut(Patoot),82 P.mohgaoense,270 Phyllothecawonthaggiensis,114
Pachypteris,132 P.takliensis,270 phylogeny,seedplants
P.papillosa,132 Palmoxylon,269,270 moleculardata,148–9
Padragkutia,227,229 Palms,seeArecaceae morphologicaldata,144–8
P.edelenyi,229 Pandanaceae,266 Physalis,382
P.haasii,229 Pandaniidites,258,266 Picramniales,357
Paeoniaceae,325 P.typicus,175 Picrodendraceae,331
Paeoniaecarpumhungaricum,325 Pandanophyllum,217 Piperaceae,248
Pagiophyllum,467 Pangaea,39 Piperales
Palaealectryon,358 Papaveraceae,291–2 diversificationpatterns,484
Palaeallophyllus,358 Papillopollisrugulatus,340 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,246
Palaeanthusproblematicus,200,390 Parabaena,291 placentation,15
Palaeeucharidium,355 Paradinandra,412 Plantaginopsismarylandica,217
Palaeoandrovanda,316 P.suecica,367–70,372 Platanaceae,68,80,293–301
Palaeoaster,292 Parapalmocaulon,270 diversitypatterns,490–1
Palaeobruguieraelongata,332 Paraphyllanthoxylon,64,238 flowers,294–300
Palaeocarpinus,352 Parasaurauia,366 leaves,293–4
palaeoclimate P.allonensis,375 reproductivebiology,301
Cretaceous,51–3 Parasaurauiaallonensis,376 Platananthus,295–7,390,392
geologicalindicators,47–50 Passiflora,331 P.hueberi,297,299
palaeontologicalindicators,45–50 Passifloraceae,332 P.potomacensis,297,392
palaeoenvironment PatapscoFormation,74 P.scanicus,297,299
temporaltrends,44 PatuxentFormation,73 P.synandrus,297
Palaeoeuryale,175 Peltaspermales,137–8 Platanites
palaeogeography Peltaspermum,136,137 P.marginata,296
Aptian,42 Pennicarpus,410 Platanocarpus,90,297
Cenomanian,42 P.tenuis,256,257 Platanus,82,91,293,390,491
Cretaceous,39–40 Pennipollis,83,212,252,253,257,407,434,435 P.bohemica,295
EarlyCretaceous,40,41,42 Pennistemon P.kerrii,297
Eocene,43 P.portugallicus,256 P.laevis,300
LateCretaceous,41–5 Pentapetalum,412 P.orientalis,297
Maastrichtian,43 P.trifasciculandricus,366,370,371 P.primaeva,198
mid-Cretaceous,40–1 Pentaphylacaceae,372–3 P.quedlinburgensis,299,490
Santonian,43 Pentaphylaxprotogaea,366,367,371–2 P.richteri,300
Valanginian-Berriasian,42 Pentecrinopollis,160 platemovements,40
Palaeonymphaea,175 Pentoxylales,96,131 Platycardia,138
Palaeonyssa,365 Pentoxylales,seealsoanthophytesandBEG Platydiscus,412
Palaeophytocrene,380 Pentoxylon,98,130 P.peltatus,330,331,438
Palaeoschima,373 Peperomia,248 Plicapollis,341,347,354
P.austriaca,366,371 P.sibirica,248 Plumafoliumbipartitum,252
P.becvensis,366,371 perianth,11–12 Plumsteadiostrobus,139
P.microvalvata,366,367,371 Cretaceousflowers,395–400 Pluricarpellatia,409,410,437
Palaeosinomenium,291 Periporopollenites P.peltata,173,176,390,479
palaeotemperature P.demarcatus,180 Poaceae,271–2
Cretaceous,50–1 P.fragilis,180 Poales,270–2
Paleoclusia,331,412 permineralisations,preservation,34–6 pollen,14
P.chevalieri,332 Peromonolites,211 Barremian–Aptian,407
Paleoenkianthussayrevillensis,366,370 P.peroreticulatus,257 EarlyCretaceous,404–6
Paleorosasimilkameenensis,334 P.reticulatus,257 earlyeudicots,404–6
Paleosecuridacacurtisii,334 Perseanthuscrossmanensis,243 features,12–13
Paliurus,336 Peruc-KorycanyFormation,65 Hauterivian–Barremian,405
Pallioporia,378 Petriellaeatriangulata,134 LateCretaceous,406–8
PalmProvince,472–3 Phoenicopsis,139 mid-Cretaceous,406
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(cid:40)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:48)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:46)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:3)(cid:53)(cid:68)(cid:88)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:51)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)
Index
More information
582 Index
pollen(cont.) amber,34–6 P.tetragonalis,366,373
monocots,252 charcoal,29–30,31 P.zahajensis,366,373
preservation,34–8 compressions,28,32–4 Protoyuccashadishii,268
stratigraphicoccurrence,56,404 fossilflowers,388 Proxapertites,260,261,269
pollen–carpelinteractions,10 impressions,28 P.operculatus,258
Pollia,272 leaves,27–9 PseudanthialTheory,5,142,143
pollination,angiosperms,15–16,417 lignite,30–5 Pseudoeuryale,175
abiotic,417–18 mesofossils,32,387–8 Pseudofrenelopsis,46,48,84
biotic,418–19 permineralisations,26,34–6 P.parceramosa,465
bywind(anemophily),418 wood,26–7 Pseudopapillopollis,342,349
Cenozoic,440–1 Primulaceae,375 Pterostemonaceae,324
EarlyCretaceous,417 primuloids,376 Pteruchus
LateCretaceous,439–40 fossils,376–7 P.fremouwensis,133
mid-Cretaceous,437–9 Princetoniaallenbyensis,292 P.matatimajor,132
pollination,by Prisca,390 Pterygospermum,138
bats,427–8 P.reynoldsii,198,241 Puddledock,76
birds,426–7 Priscowelwitschiaaustroamericana,111 PuntadelBarcoFormation,100
Coleoptera,421 Problematospermum,123–4 Purdiaeopsiscampanulatus,366,367,374
Diptera,423–5 P.beipiaoense,123
Hymenoptera,421 P.elongatum,123 Qetura,83
Lepidoptera,425–6 P.ovale,123 Qeturocarpuscostatus,199
mammals,427–8 Propylipollis,301 Quadriplatanus,298–9,390,392
Thysanoptera,419–21 P.crotonoides,302 Q.georgianus,298,300
pollination,seedplants Proteaceae,301 Quedlinburg,68,462,468
Bennettitales,430–2 diversitypatterns,491 Quercophyllum,350
conifers,416 Proteacidites,301 Quereuxia,192
cycads,416 cf.P.fromensis,302 Quilonipollenites,269
Ginkgo,415–16 P.adenanthoides,302 Qutureafimbriata,252
Gnetales,416–17 P.cooksoniae,302
pre-angiospermvegetation,428–32 Proteacidites/NothofagiditesProvince,473 RajmahalHills,96
pollinators Proteales RanalianTheory,141
stratigraphicoccurrence,420 diversificationpatterns,489–91 Ranunculaceae,292
Polycolporopollenites,333 protection,flowerbuds,413–14 Ranunculaecarpusquinquecarpellatus,
Polygalaceae,333 Proteophyllum,301 92,286
Pontederiaceae,272 Protoatherospermoxylon,233 Ranunculales
Pontederites,272 Protobarclaya,175 fossilsofuncertainrelationship,289
P.eichhornioides,251 Protocupressinoxylonpurbeckensis,466 Ranunculus
Populophyllumreniforme,308,479 Protofagacea,350,390,400 R.aquatilis,192,289
Populus,28 P.allonensis,350,351 R.ferreri,65,192
Porana,382 Protohaploxypinus,138 R.jeholensis,217
Portugal,fossillocalities,57–64 Protohedycarya Raoanthus,439
Posidoniaceae,265 P.ilicoides,233 RatonFormation,80
Potamogeton,265 P.pseudoquercifolia,244 Raunsgaardispermumlusitanicum,118,121
P.jeholensis,217 Protohedycaryoxylon receptacle
Potamogetonaceae,265 P.ilicoides,244 Cretaceousflowers,394
potamogetonoids,265–6 Protomonimia,95,391,410,413 recruitmenthypothesis,458
Potamogetophyllummite,251 P.kasai-nakajhongii,34,201,202 Regalipollenites,107,108
PotomacGroup,74 Protonomiscium reproductivefeatures,8–10
fossillocalities,73 P.testudinarum,291 reptiles,dispersalby,449
Potomacanthus,232,392,409,410 P.vangerowii,291 Restiocarpus,271
P.lobatus,237,238 Protorrhipischoffatii,216 Restionaceae,271
Pouzolzia,335 Protovisnea Reticolpites,279
Pragocladus,193,390,409,413 P.cancellata,366,373 Reticulatasporitesjardinus,208
P.lauroides,197,241,242 P.erinacea,366,373 Retimonocolpites,198,207,211,212,257,
Prangenhaus,67 P.maii,366,373 258,261,407,434,435
Premnophyllumtrigonum,382 P.reticulata,366,373 R.dividuus,211,212
preservation,35 P.saxonica,366,367,373 R.peroreticulatus,211,212
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