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B ATES Early D E I N (cid:127) (cid:127) A Y G R O European CHAE O L Castles ARISTOCRACY AND AUTHORITY, AD 800 – 1200 Oliver Creighton Early European Castles BLOOMSBURY DEBATES IN ARCHAEOLOGY Series editor: Richard Hodges Against Cultural Property John Carman Archaeology: The Conceptual Challenge Timothy Insoll Archaeology and International Development in Africa Colin Breen & Daniel Rhodes Archaeology and Text John Moreland Archaeology and the Pan-European Romanesque Tadhg O’Keeffe Beyond Celts, Germans and Scythians Peter S. Wells Combat Archaeology John Schofield Debating the Archaeological Heritage Robin Skeates Early European Castles Oliver H. Creighton Early Islamic Syria Alan Walmsley Gerasa and the Decapolis David Kennedy Image and Response in Early Europe Peter S. Wells Indo-Roman Trade Roberta Tomber Loot, Legitimacy and Ownership Colin Renfrew Lost Civilization James L. Boone The Origins of the English Catherine Hills Rethinking Wetland Archaeology Robert Van de Noort & Aidan O’Sullivan The Roman Countryside Stephen Dyson Shipwreck Archaeology of the Holy Land Sean Kingsley Social Evolution Mark Pluciennik State Formation in Early China Li Liu & Xingcan Chen Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne Richard Hodges Villa to Village Riccardo Francovich & Richard Hodges Early European Castles ARISTOCRACY AND AUTHORITY, AD 800-1200 Oliver H. Creighton Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc Bloomsbury Academic An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square 1385 Broadway London New York WC1B 3DP NY 10018 UK USA www.bloomsbury.com BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in 2012 by Bristol Classical Press an imprint of Bloomsbury Academic Reprinted by Bloomsbury Academic 2013 © Oliver H. Creighton 2012 Oliver H. Creighton has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identiﬁ ed as Author of this work. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: PB: 978-1-7809-3031-2 ePub: 978-1-4742-8219-2 ePDF: 978-1-4742-8217-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Contents List of Illustrations 6 Acknowledgements 9 1.Introduction 11 2.Castle Studies in Transformation 16 3.Debating the European Castral Revolution 25 4.Nailing the Valley: Early Towers 50 5.Early Castle Archaeologies: Themes and Debates 85 6.Theatres of Lordship: Noble Lifestyles 109 7.The Broader Context: Landscape and Townscape 125 8.Conclusions: The Rise of the Seigneury 147 Bibliography 153 Index 163 5 List of Illustrations Fig. 1. Romanesque interior of the great tower at 13 Rochester (© English Heritage NMR). Fig. 2. Reconstruction of Niozelles (reproduced with the 28 permission of Jean-Marie Gassend and Daniel Mouton). Fig. 3. Belli Locus: the monastery founded by Fulk 31 Nerra, Count of Anjou, within sight of his castle at Loches (photograph: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 4. Alcazaba of Almería (photograph: Oliver 43 Creighton). Fig. 5. Encastellation in Catalonia before the 46 mid-fourteenth century (based on Glick 1995). Fig. 6. North gate of Diocletian’s palace in Split, Croatia 53 (photograph: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 7. Plans of Carolingian palaces at Ingelheim and 54 Aachen (based on Lobbedey 2003). Fig. 8. The late eighth-century Granusturm at Aachen 57 (photograph: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 9. Donjon of Loches (photograph: Oliver Creighton). 60 Fig. 10. Le Château d’Albon (photograph: Terry Barry). 63 Fig. 11. German Bergfriede: the Juliusturm in Spandau 64 citadel, Berlin; Rothenfels in Bavaria (photographs: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 12. Doué-la-Fontaine (photograph: Oliver 67 Creighton). 6 List of Illustrations Fig. 13. Early donjons in and around Anjou, France (based 69 on Aarts 1996; Impey 2008; and Bourgeois 2009). Fig. 14. Beaugency (photograph: Oliver Creighton). 70 Fig. 15. Château de Mayenne (based on Early 2002). 75 Fig. 16. Kaiserwerth (photograph: Oliver Creighton). 77 Fig. 17. Niozelles (based on Mouton 2008). 78 Fig. 18. Earls Barton (© Crown copyright. NMR). 80 Fig. 19. Late eleventh-century gatehouses at Exeter and 83 Ludlow (photographs: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 20. Vihiers (photograph: Oliver Creighton). 90 Fig. 21. Duno: the earthworks of an early castle 91 overlooking the Rhine near Arnhem (photograph: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 22. Geophysical survey and aerial photograph of the 95 remains of an early earth and timber castle at the site of Castellina in Tuscany (image provided by Lorenzo Marasco). Fig. 23. Castrum d’Andone: plan of the excavated site 97 (based on Bourgeois 2009). Fig. 24. Plan of the castle of Sugny (or Tchesté de la 99 Rotche: ‘the castle on the rock’) (based on Ervynck and Woollett 2006). Fig. 25. Montferland: plan of the early castle, showing 105 excavated features (based on Schut 2003). Fig. 26. Caislen na Caillighe and Iniscremha (image 107 provided by Kieran O’Conor and Paul Naessens). Fig. 27. Eleventh-/twelfth-century tablesmen from 113 Mayenne (image provided by Rob Early and reproduced with the permission of Oxford Archaeology). Fig. 28. Graph showing proportions of main types of 115 mammal species from five early castle sites (source: Ervynck and Woollett 2006; Bourgeois 2009; Diez et al. 1998; Higham and Barker 2000; Mouton 2008). 7 List of Illustrations Fig. 29. Sugny: view of the rock-cut motte (photograph: 117 Oliver Creighton). Fig. 30. Part of the south elevation of the Norman White 120 Tower of London (photograph: Oliver Creighton). Fig. 31. Donjon of Langeais (photograph: Oliver 122 Creighton). Fig. 32. Tornow, Germany: a Slavic ringwork with an 128 attached settlement (source: Brachmann 1983; Fehring 1991, with additions). Fig. 33. Radial planned village and field system around 134 a motte at Mirebeau in southern France (based on Le Querrien 2008). Fig. 34. Colletière, Charavines (based on Colardelle and 136 Verdel 1993). Fig. 35. Plan of the hilltop village of Rougiers, as 142 revealed by archaeological survey and excavation (based on Démians d’Archimbaud 1981). Fig. 36. Remains of a medieval house within the 143 ‘perched’ hilltop village of Rougiers (photograph: Oliver Creighton). 8