ebook img

Early Cretaceous polar tetrapods from the Great Southern Rift Valley, southeastern Australia PDF

5 Pages·1996·1.7 MB·
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Early Cretaceous polar tetrapods from the Great Southern Rift Valley, southeastern Australia

EARLYCRETACEOUS POLARTETRAPODS FROM THE GREATSOUTHERN RIFT VALLEY, SOUHTEASTERN AUSTRALIA PATRICIAVICKERS-RICH Vickers-Rich,P. 1996 1220: EarlyCretaceouspolartetrapodsfromtheGreatSouthernRift Valley, southeastern Australia. Memoirs ofthe QueenslandMuseum 39(3): 719-723. Bris- bane. ISSN0079-8835. Early Cretaceous deposits from southeastern Australia record a cold, extensively forested environment. Tetrapod fossils in channel fills, gravity flows, lag and point bar deposits in the Aptian Wonthaggi and Albian Middle Eumeralla formations. The fossils occurmainly in horizontally-stratified, clast-supported conglomerates and massive, matrix-supported conglomerates.Leafmatsindicatethatseveralspeciesofdeciduousplantsshedtheirleaves together,presumablyinwinter.—TaphonomyofthelakebedsatKoonwarraindicateseasonal freezing.Avarietyofdinosaurs• includinghypsilophodonts,anky—losaurs,neoceratopsians, allosaurs,dromaeosaurs, oviraptorosaurs andornithomimosaurs were presentaswell as pterosaurs,plesiosaurs,temnospondylsandcrocodilians.Thelattertwogroupsdidnotoccur togetherand the temnospondyls lived undereithercoolerorhigher-energy conditionsthan the crocodilians. [ | Cretaceous, Australia, dinosaur, environment of deposition, palaeoclimate, temnospondyl. P. Vickers-Rich, DeptofEarth Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia, 3168; 5April1996. BreakupofGondwanabegan in theLateTrias- clothedmanypartsoftheriftvalleyanditsflanks sic. Australia and Antarctica were the last two at times. continentsofthesupercontinenttoseparate,com- mencing in the Late Jurassic. During the Early ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OFTHE Cretaceous, between 125 and 105 million years TETRAPOD FAUNA ago, what is now the southern coast ofVictoria, Australia, was part of a rift valley formed be- Asmall,butgrowing,collectionoffossiltetrapods tween the two continents during the initial phase are known from several locales in southeastern of that separation. As separation continued and Australia (Currie, Vickers-Rich & Rich, 19%; sped up, the floor of the rift valley sank. As a Gross,&Rich& Vickers-Rich, 1993;&Molnar,Flan- consequence of that event, volcanoes that nery Rich, 1981; 1985; Rich Rich, 1989; & probably lay near the Lord Howe Rise, poured Rich Vickers-Ric&h, 1994; Rich et al., 1988; 1992; Vickers-Rich Rich, 1993; Warren et al, quantities of ash (estimated at 50,000 cubic krielwoomrekterdes)byintthoetrhieverirfstavanldlesytrwehaemrs,etithewapsretchuern- t1h9r9e1e).gTeholeosgeicfosusniiltss:ha1v,etbheeenyocuonlgleecrteMdidfdrloem Eumeralla Formation ofEarly Albian age in the sors to the green sandstones and mudstones that OtwayGroup; 2, theolderundifferentiated Won- nowformprominentcliffsforabout200kmofthe thaggi Formation ofAptian age in the Strzelecki Victorian coastline (Fig. 1). Group;and3,theAptianSanRemoMembernear Since thatrift valley was formed, Australiahas the base ofthe Wonthaggi Formation. driftedfartothenorth,whileAntarcticaremained Fossils are concentrated in a few facies within close to its Early Cretaceous position straddling these units: i.e., 1, mainly those preserved as a the South Pole. In the Early Cretaceous consequenceofrapiddepositioninanewchannel southeastern Australia lay well within the An- cut as a consequence ofa single major flood; 2, tarctic Circle. The dinosaurs, other fauna and as gravity flows ofsediment, either mud or rock plants that lived in this region thus contended debris; and to a lesserextent, 3, lag andpointbar with prolonged periods of continuous darkness deposits within majorriversystems (A. Constan- each year,justas muskox andreindeerdotoday. tine, pers. comm.). However,thegeochemicalandbotanicalclimatic The bones are most commonly preserved in indicators suggest that the environment in the horizontally stratified, clast-supported con- Early Cretaceous ofVictoriawasnotfrigidas are glomerates and massive, matrix-supported con- similar latitudes today, and extensive forests glomerates. A 'clast-supported conglomerate' 720 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLANDMUSEUM refers to one in which the individual pebbles or TheyoungerMiddleEumerallaFormationcon- boulderscontact oneanother, whereas a 'matrix- sistsprimarilyofsandstone(morethan70%) and supported conglomerate' is one in which the is characterised by a classic braided river quantity ofFinegrained rockbetween thepebbles lithofacies andarchitecture. Sinuosityofchannel orbouldersissogreatthattheydonotcontactone deposits is low, and the channels were wide and another. If the matrix could be removed from a shallow. There are thick sequences of both clast-supported conglomerate, the volume oc- floodplain and lacustrine sediments with lenses cupied by the conglomerate would notdecrease, of sand-sized particles representing individual whereas in the case of a matrix-supported con- channels stacked one on top of another. Ver- glomerate, it would. tebrates occur in only a few environmental set- The horizontally stratified, clast-supported tings, somewhatin cont—rast to the situation in the conglomerates are typically of the order of 5- Wonthaggi Formation in the Middle Eumeral- 20cm thick and are characterised by pebble to la bones occur predominantly in sediments cobble-sizedclastsformedofclayandmudstone. formedwhenachannelbrokeitsbankandflowed Suchdeposits are stratified andcontainlittle car- out over the surrounding floodplain, or in those bonaceous material. This type of bone-bearing formedbyloading andcollapseofnon-vegetated conglomerate typically occurs at the base of sandbarsinthemainchannelduringapeakflood channelcomplexeswheresignificanterosioninto stage that caused liquefaction of sand and then underlying floodplain claystones and mudstones down-slope mass flow. isevident.Suchdepositsareinterpretedashaving formed by streams orrivers breaking their banks THE BIOTA: PALAEOFLORAAND during major floods, with the resultant flood INVERTEBRATEFAUNAAS waters flowing out over the surrounding flood- PALAEOCLIMATIC INDICATORS plain, picking up bones and plant debris and concentrating them in erosion scours. The palaeoflora of southeastern Australia Themassive, matrix-supportedconglomerates, during the Early Cretaceous was dominated by on the other hand, differ in that the pebble to conifers, ferns, cycads, ginkgoes and lower- boulder-sized clasts are not touching each other. growinghorsetailsandbryophytes. Angiosperms Instead, they appear to be suspended in a finer- were present, but only as prostrate or small her- grained matrix composed of fine to medium- baceousforms.Thestructureanddiversityofthis grained sandstone. Mudstone is again the flora suggest a mean annual temperature of 8- dominant clast type, and plant remains are not 0°C(Douglas, 1969; 97 Drinnan&Chambers, 1 1 1; as common. Conglomerates of this type are 1986; Parrish et al., 1991). Some plants in this interpreted as debris flows, which form as the flora were evergreens, while others were clearly resultofbank collapses within the confines of deciduous,thebestevidencebeing fossilised leaf channels. mats suggestive of simultaneous shedding of Theregionalsettingforthetwogeologicalunits leaves by several species. The evergreen plants that have produced significant fossil collections possessed leaves with thick cuticle and micro- shows distinct change through time, from a phyllus (small) leaves. Such leaf morphology is predominantly 'meandering* to a 'braided' sys- consistent with a climate characterised by sig- temupsequence.TheolderWonthaggiFormation nificant variation in temperature t—hroughout the is characterised by thick floodplain deposits and year or a fluctuating water supply conditions channels with moderate to high sinuosity. There that would beexpected within a continental land are thick accumulations ofhorizontally stratified massdistantfromtheocean. Leafmats themselves tolow angle crossbedded sediments, which indi- are indicative o—f leaves having fallen in a short cate rapid aggr—adation under transitional to high period of time which can be brought on by flow regimes suggestive of occasional flash pronounced seasonal changes in light, temperature flooding. The formation consists of about 60% or water availability or a combination of these sandstone and 40% mudstone and reflects vary- factors. Pronounced seasonal contrasts are ex- ing flow regimes,perhapsduetodischarge levels pected of such inland environments at such controlled by snow melt. Vertebrate fossils have latitudes as was the case in southern Victoria in been recovered from a variety of lithofacies the Early Cretaceous (Parrish et al., 1991). withintheformation,butmainlyfromhorizontal- One unusual locality to have produced fossil ly stratified, clast-supported conglomerates and plants, invertebrates, fishes and birds, is Koon- massive, matrix-supported conglomerates. warra. Koonwarra is an inland site in the Won- CRETACEOUS POLARTETRAPODS FROMSOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA 721 ANTARCTICA FIG. 1. Sketchofjunctionbetween SEAustraliaandEAntarcticaintheEarly Cretaceous. Separationbegan in theLateJurassicandresultedinariftvalleybeingformedontheinterplateboundary.Intothisriftvalleypoured a vastquantity ofvolanogenic sedimentsderived fromvolcanoes perhaps laying to the eastin the vicinity of theLordHoweRise.Largeriversflowedacrossthefloorofthisriftvalley,fedperhapsinpartbymeltwaterof snowpresumablylocatedathighaltitudeonmountainsonthemarginsoftheriftvalleyorthevolcanoeswhich producedthevolcanogenic sediments.TheEarlyCretaceoustetrapodandplant fossilsoccurforthemostpart in sediments thatwerelaiddown in small streams feeding into the larger rivers on the flooroftheriftvalley. SubsequenttotheEarlyCretaceous,thesedimentsdepositedontheflooroftheriftvalleywerefirstlithifiedas they wereburiedunderadditional sediment.Thenlatein theCainozoic, these sedimentswereupliftedtoform theStrzlecki andOtwayRanges. thaggi Formation of the Strzelecki Group and Further evidence that temperatures were cool represents the remains of an ancient lake. Most andthatice may have formed attimesduringthe othervertebrate sites in southeastern Victoria are year occurs in contemporaneous sequences in coastalexposures, and fossilsweredepositednot central Australia. Boulders up to 3m in diameter in thequiet waters oflargelakes, butinthe more havebeenfound in otherwise finegrainedmarine energetic riverine and floodplain environments. sedimentsoftheBulldogShalenearAndamooka, & Insects and other invertebrates, primarily larval SouthAustralia(Frakes Francis, 1988). Frakes forms,recoveredfromtheKoonwarralocalityare & Francis have suggested that these boulders mostclosely relatedtoforms typical ofcool Tas- dropped to the bottom of the shallow sea as manian mountain lakes today (Jell & Duncan, icebergs in which they floated, melted—away. Al- 1986), relationships that are indicative of though—there is no preserved evidence suchas temperatures similar to those reflected by the tillites for glacial activity in Australia at this palaeoflora. Waldman (1971), who studied the time, unlike for the earlier Permian time, Frakes Koonwarrafishconcentration, suggestedthatthe hassuggestedthatmontaneglaciationcouldhave entire foss—il accumulation may have been due to been active and, in places, these glaciers might winterkill whenthelakefroze overandoxygen have reached the sea at the base of drainage supply was greatly reduced. systems. 722 MEMOIRS OFTHEQUEENSLAND MUSEUM In summary, the suite of animals, plants and ing to think that—Leaellynasaura may have been sedimentological datasuggestthattheclimateof homeothermic thus allowing the increased southeastern Australia during the late Early visual acuity to have an adaptive advantage. Cretaceous when dinosaurs are known to have Other ornithischians in the fauna include an livedthere, was somewhatcoolerthanatpresent, ankylosaur (based on the cross-sectional outline but temperatures were by no means frigid as of a rib, a scute and a few teeth) and an Aptian similar high polar latitudes are today. O /O neoceratopsian (based on an ulna with a remark- evidence, however, suggests that mean annual able resemblance to that of Leptoceratops temperatures approached 0°C at times during gracilis from the latest Cretaceous ofAlberta). deposition ofthe dinosaur-bearing sediments. Allosaurids,oviraptorosaursandornithomimid theropods are known. An astragalus resembling VERTEBRATEASSEMBLAGES OFTHE that of Allosaurus has been recognised in the EARLYCRETACEOUS OFPOLAR Aptian Wonthaggi Formation of the Strzelecki AUSTRALIA Group (Molnar, Flannery & Rich, 1981; 1985). & Oviraptorosaurs (Currie, Vickers-Rich Rich, & The Early Cretaceous terrestrial vertebrate as- 1996) and ornithomimids (Rich Vickers-Rich, semblages of southeastern Australia are 1993)arebothknown fromtheMiddleEumeralla dominated by dinosaurs, in particular hyp- Formation in the Otway Group, and ornitho- silophodontids. Thereareatleastfivegeneraand mimids have also been recovered from the older six species of this family known from Victoria, Strzelecki Group (Wonthaggi Formation). half as yet unnamed. The diversity of hyp- Footprintsofsmall theropodshavebeenrecorded silophodontids in these south polar latitudes is in the Otway Group. unmatchedanywhereelseinthe world,including The neoceratopsian, dromaeosaur and ovirap- localiteswithhundredsofthousandsofbonesand torosaur fossils from Australia are among the high diversity in the total dinosaur assemblage. oldest records of these groups anywhere in the Currie (pers. comm.) has suggested that atlower world.Othercomponentsofthefaunaincludethe palaeolatitudes, hypsilophodontids may have youngtemnospondyl amphibians, whicharerep- been uplandforms andthus notfrequentlyrepre- resentedby more than twenty bones, including a sented at the lower elevations where most pairofmandibleswiththeteethinsitu.Twobones dinosaur fossils accumulated. Hypsilophodon- of pterosaurs and half a dozen plesiosaur teeth tids, then,may wellhavebeen preadapted forthe have also been recovered. Evidently the conditions of southeastern Australia and conse- plesiosaurs were freshwater animals, as all quently thrived there. Hyspilophodonts are sedimentologicalandpalaeontologicaldatapoint known from both the Otway and Strzelecki toafluviatilesourceforthecontainingsediments. Groups and thus have an age range in these se- A few remains of crocodiles have been quences from Aptian to Albian, with some sites recovered in the Middle Eumeralla Formation in perhaps being as old as Valanginian in the theOtwayGroup,butneverhavetheybeenfound Strzelecki Group. together with temnospondyl remains, restricted Onthebasisoffemoral morphology,fivegenra astheyaretotheolderStrzeleckiGroup.Awarm- of hypsilophodontids have been recognised. To ing trend up section in the Aptian-Albian se- date, formal scientific nameshavebeen assigned —quence may explain this apparent faunal change to only three of these: Fulgurotherium, Leael- the replacement of temnospondyls by lynasaura and Atlascopcosaurus. Prominent crocodiles. optic lobes preserved on an endocast of Leael- The Victorian Aptian record oftemnospondyls lynasaurasuggestthatthisdinosaurhadunusual- is the most recent for the group anywhere in the ly enhanced ability toprocess visual signals. In a world. These amp—hibians were very crocodile- polar setting, the most plausible explanation for like functionally in body form and in tooth thisacuitywouldbethatitimprovedvisualability morphology. Temnospondyls occur in the older underthelowlightconditions,whichwouldhave Aptiansedimentswheretemperatureswerelower prevailed during the months ofcontinuous dark- than in theyounger Albian sediments thatbear a nessofthepolarWinter.Sincebothpalaeobotani- few dermal scutes of crocodiles. Perhaps the cal and geochemical studies suggest that Winter rising temperatures allowed the invasion of temperatures wouldhaveprobably dippedbelow crocodilians into an area from which they had freezing, and since this is a prohibitive tempera- been excluded by the cold waters, thus bringing ture for activity ofmodern reptiles, it is tantalis- themintodirectcompetitionwiththetemnospon- CRETACEOUSPOLARTETRAPODS FROM SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA 723 dyls, followed by extinction ofthe latter. Today 1972. The Mesozoic floras of Victoria, Part 3. amphibians, suchasfrogsandtheGiantJapanese MemoirsoftheGeologicalSurveyofVictoria29. Salamanders are able to cope with temperatures DRINNAN,A.N.&CHAMBERS,T.C., 1986.Floraof well below those toleratedby living reptiles. the lower Koonwarra fossil bed (Kommburra Group),SouthGippsland,Victoria.Associationof The evidence is suggestive, but not definitive, Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir3: 1-77. however, forthere is one otherpossibleexplana- FRAKES, L.A. & FRANCIS, J.E. 1988. A guide to tion thatcannotbe ruledout. Temnospondyl fos- Phanerozoic cold polar climates from high- sils areknown from the Strzelecki Grouponlyin latitudeice-raftingintheCretaceous.Nature333: the high energy sediments that represent 547-549. fanglomerates pouring offthe margins ofthe rift GROSS,J.D.,RICH,T.H.&VICKERS-RICH,P. 1993. valley. This coarse facies occurs widely in the Dinosaur Bone Infection. National western exposures of the Aptian Strzelecki Geogeographic ResearchandExploration9: 286- GOrtowuapy,bGurtoiuspl.essPceorhmamposntienmtnhoesypoounndgyelrsApwteiraen MOLN2A93R., R.E., FLANNERY, T.F. & RICH, T.H. 1981 AnallosauriddinosaurfromtheCretaceous facies controlled, and thustheirabsence isowing ofVic.toria,Australia. Alcheringa5: 141-146. tosparsityofthecoarsefanglomeratefaciesinthe 1985.Aussie^/teawrw^afterall.JournalofPaleon- younger sediments of the Otway Group, rather tology59: 1511-1513. than their extinction by the Albian owing to PARRISH, J.T., SPICER, R.A., DOUGLAS, J.G., temperature increase orsome other factor. RICH, T.H. & VICKERS-RICH, P. 1991. Con- tinental climate near the Albian South Pole and CONCLUSION comparison with climate near the North Pole. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 23: A302.(abstract) Although genera endemic to southeastern RICH, P.V, RICH, T.H., WAGSTAFF, B., McEWEN- Australia occur in these Early Cretaceous as- MASON,J.,DOUTHITT,R.T.,GREGORY,R.T. semblages, there is nothing yet recognised as & FELTON,A. 1988. Evidenceforlowtempera- unique as the modern day koala orkangaroo. All tures and biologic diversity in Cretaceous high of the tetrapods found to date can be readily latitudesofAustralia. Science242: 1403-1406. accommodated in families known from other RICH, T.H. & RICH, P.V. 1989. Polar dinosaurs and continents. But what is clear is that in the Early biotas of the Early Cretaceous of southeastern Australia. National Geographic SocietyResearch Cretaceous, southernAustraliaservedasarefuge Reports5: 15-53. allowing some groups to live well beyond their RICH,T.H., RICH, P.V.,WAGSTAFF, B.E.,McEWEN- time elsewhere in the world (e.g., Allosaurus, MASON, J.R.C, FLANNERY, T.F, ARCHER, temnospondyls and some fish and—plant groups). M., MOLNAR, R.E. & LONG, J.A. 1992. Two This area also nurtured novelty it may have possible chronological anomalies in the Early beenthecradleforsuchgroupsastheneocera—top- Cretaceous tetrapod assemblage of southeastern & sians, dromaeosaurs and oviraptorosaurs a Australia. Pp. 165-176. In Chen, P. Mateer, N. cradle from which they dispersed later, (eds) 'ProceedingsFirstInternationalSymposium northwards, to meet with great success in North on Nonmarine Cretaceous Correlations'. (China Ocean Press: Beijing). America and Asia. RICH,T.H. & VICKERS-RICH, P. 1994.Neoceratop- sians & ornithomimosaurs: dinosaurs of LITERATURE CITED Gondwanaorigin?NationalGeographicResearch andExploration 10: 129-131. CURRIE, P.J., VICKERS-RICH, P. & RICH, T.H. WALDMAN,M. 1971.FishfromthefreshwaterLower 1996. Possible oviraptorosaur (Theropoda, CretaceousofVictoria, Australia,withcomments Dinosauria)specimensfromtheEarlyCretaceous on the palaeoenvironment. Special Papers in Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove, Australia. Al- Palaeontology 9: 1-124. cheringa20: 73-79. WARREN, A.A., KOOL, L., CLEELAND,M.,RICH, DOUGLAS,J.G. 1969.TheMesozoicflorasofVictoria, T.H. & VICKERS-RICH, P. 1991. An Early Parts 1 & 2. MemoiroftheGeological Survey of Cretaceous labyrinthodonl. Alcheringa 15: 327- Victoria28. 332.

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.