E-Learning in the 21st Century: A Community of Inquiry Framework for Research and Practice

221 Pages·2016·1.987 MB·English

by  D. Randy Garrison

E-Learning in the 21st Century
The third edition of E-Learning in the 21st Century provides a coherent,
comprehensive,andempiricallybasedframeworkforunderstandinge-learning
inhighereducation.Garrisondrawsonhisdecadesofexperienceandextensive
research in the field to explore technological, pedagogical, and organiza-
tionalimplications.Thethirdeditionhasbeenfullyupdatedthroughoutand
includes new material on learning technologies, MOOCs, blended learning,
leadership, and the importance and role of social connections in thinking and
learning,highlightingthetransformativeanddisruptiveimpactthate-learning
has recently had on education.
D. Randy Garrison is Professor Emeritus at the University of Calgary,
Canada.
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E-Learning in the 21st Century
A Community of Inquiry Framework for
Research and Practice
Third Edition
D. Randy Garrison
RK L~O~NoD~O;NLJO~NnD~O~~Nup
ORKYO LONDOLNOLNODNODNON
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LONDONANDNEWYORK
Thirdeditionpublished2017
byRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017
andbyRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2017Taylor&Francis
TherightofD.RandyGarrisontobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork
hasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithsections77and78ofthe
Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproduced
orutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,
nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,
orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissionin
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Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor
registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanation
withoutintenttoinfringe.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Garrison,D.R.(D.Randy),1945-author.
Title:E-learninginthe21stcentury:acommunityofinquiryframeworkfor
researchandpractice/D.RandyGarrison.
Description:Thirdedition.|NewYork:Routledge,2017.|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2016014252|ISBN9781138953550(hardback)|
ISBN9781138953567(pbk.)|ISBN9781315667263(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Education,Higher–Computernetworkresources.|
Education,Higher–Effectoftechnologicalinnovationson.|Internetin
highereducation.|Distanceeducation.
Classification:LCCLB2395.7.G372017|DDC378/.00285--dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2016014252
ISBN:978-1-138-95355-0(hbk)
ISBN:978-1-138-95356-7(pbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-66726-3(ebk)
TypesetinSabon
byTaylor&FrancisBooks
Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Preface to the Third Edition x
Preface to the Second Edition xii
Preface to the First Edition xiv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
E-Learning Described 2
A New Reality 4
Conclusion 6
PARTI
The Conceptual Framework 7
2 Theoretical Foundations 9
Philosophical Perspective 9
Thinking and Learning Collaboratively 11
A Transactional View 14
Responsibility and Control 15
Theoretical Concepts 16
Approaches to Learning 17
Text-Based Communication 19
Conclusion 21
3 Community of Inquiry 22
A Theoretical Framework 22
The Community of Inquiry Framework 24
vi Contents
Social Presence 25
Cognitive Presence 26
Teaching Presence 26
Indicators 27
Theoretical Developments 27
A Theory? 32
Conclusion 34
4 Social Presence 35
Re-thinking Social Presence 35
Evidence and Insights 38
Categories of Social Presence 44
Affective Communication 45
Open Communication 45
Cohesive Responses 46
Practical Implications 46
Conclusion 48
5 Cognitive Presence 50
Critical Thinking 50
Practical Inquiry 55
Evidence and Insights 57
Shared Metacognition 60
Cognitive Presence Descriptors 65
Conclusion 67
6 Teaching Presence 69
Roles and Functions 70
Design and Organization 72
Facilitating Discourse 73
Direct Instruction 75
Evidence and Insights 76
Conclusion 80
PARTII
Applying the CoI Framework 83
7 Learning Technologies 85
Historical Perspective 85
E-Learning Approaches 88
Contents vii
Web 2.0 90
Social Media 91
Mobile Learning 93
MOOCs 95
Learning and Technology 97
Conclusion 98
8 Blended Learning 100
Blended Learning Described 100
Scenarios 101
Online Blended Learning 102
Why Blended Learning? 103
Conclusion 107
9 Guidelines for Practice 109
Learning Activities 110
Teaching-Learning Guidelines 111
Design and Organization 112
Facilitating Discourse 119
Direct Instruction 125
Assessment 127
Conclusion 128
10 Assessment and Evaluation 129
Assessing Learning 129
Functions of Assessment 130
Assessing Participation 132
Assessment Activities 135
Course Evaluation 137
Conclusion 140
11 Organizational Issues 141
Strategic Innovation 141
Policy Development 143
Infrastructure 145
Leadership 145
Leading Collaboratively 146
Faculty Development 149
Conclusion 152
viii Contents
12 Future Directions 153
A Quick Look Back 154
Future Research 157
The CoI Framework 158
Social Presence 160
Cognitive Presence 160
Teaching Presence 161
Designing CoIs 163
K-12 164
Methodology 165
A Look Forward 167
Conclusion 170
About the Author 172
Appendix A: Community of Inquiry Survey Instrument 173
Appendix B: Shared Metacognition Questionnaire 176
References 178
Index 198
Illustrations
Figures
3.1 Community of Inquiry Framework 25
5.1 Critical Thinking and Intuition 52
5.2 Practical Inquiry Model 55
5.3 Shared Metacognition Construct 63
Tables
3.1 Community of Inquiry Categories and Indicators 28
5.1 Practical Inquiry Descriptors and Indicators 66
6.1 Teaching Roles in E-Learning 71
6.2 Instructional Design and Organization Indicators 73
6.3 Facilitating Discourse Indicators 75
6.4 Direct Instruction Indicators 76
9.1 Learning Activities 110
10.1 Discussion Rubric 133
10.2 Article Critique Rubric 136