Dynamics, Uncertainty and Reasoning: The Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation PDF
Preview Dynamics, Uncertainty and Reasoning: The Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation
Logic in Asia: Studia Logica Library Series Editors: Fenrong Liu · Hiroakira Ono Beishui Liao Thomas Ågotnes Yi N. Wang Editors Dynamics, Uncertainty and Reasoning The Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation Logic in Asia: Studia Logica Library Editors-in-Chief Fenrong Liu, Tsinghua University and University of Amsterdam, Beijing, China Hiroakira Ono, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Ishikawa, Japan Editorial Board Natasha Alechina, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Toshiyasu Arai, Chiba University, Chiba Shi, Inage-ku, Japan Sergei Artemov, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Mattias Baaz, Technical university of Vienna, Austria, Vietnam Lev Beklemishev, Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Russia Mihir Chakraborty, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India Phan Minh Dung, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Amitabha Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India Christoph Harbsmeier, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Shier Ju, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Makoto Kanazawa, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan Fangzhen Lin, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Jacek Malinowski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Ram Ramanujam, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India Jeremy Seligman, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Kaile Su, Peking University and Griffith University, Peking, China Johan van Benthem, University of Amsterdam and Stanford University, The Netherlands Hans van Ditmarsch, Laboratoire Lorrain de Recherche en Informatique et ses Applications, France Dag Westerstahl, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Yue Yang, Singapore National University, Singapore Syraya Chin-Mu Yang, National Taiwan University, Taipei, China Logic in Asia: Studia Logica Library Thisbookseriespromotestheadvanceofscientificresearchwithinthefieldoflogic in Asian countries. It strengthens the collaboration between researchers based in Asia with researchers across the international scientific community and offers a platform for presenting the results of their collaborations. One of the most prominent features of contemporary logic is its interdisciplinary character, combining mathematics, philosophy, modern computer science, and even the cognitiveandsocialsciences.Theaimofthisbookseriesistoprovideaforumfor current logic research, reflecting this trend in the field’s development. The series accepts books on any topic concerning logic in the broadest sense, i.e., books on contemporary formal logic, its applications and its relations to other disciplines. It accepts monographs and thematically coherent volumes addressing important developments in logic and presenting significant contributions to logical research. In addition, research works on the history of logical ideas, especially on the traditions in China and India, are welcome contributions. The scope of the book series includes but is not limited to the following: (cid:129) Monographs written by researchers in Asian countries. (cid:129) Proceedings of conferences held in Asia, or edited by Asian researchers. (cid:129) Anthologies edited by researchers in Asia. (cid:129) Research works by scholars from other regions of the world, which fit the goal of “Logic in Asia”. The series discourages the submission of manuscripts that contain reprints of previously published material and/or manuscripts that are less than 165 pages/ 90,000 words in length. Please also visit our webpage: http://tsinghualogic.net/logic-in-asia/background/ Relation with Studia Logica Library ThisseriesispartoftheStudiaLogicaLibrary,andisalsoconnectedtothejournal Studia Logica. This connection does not imply any dependence on the Editorial OfficeofStudiaLogicaintermsofeditorialoperations,thoughtheseriesmaintains cooperative ties to the journal. This book series is also a sister series to Trends in Logic and Outstanding Contributions to Logic. For inquiries and to submit proposals, authors can contact the editors-in-chief Fenrong Liu at [email protected] or Hiroakira Ono at [email protected]. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13080 Å Beishui Liao Thomas gotnes (cid:129) (cid:129) Yi N. Wang Editors Dynamics, Uncertainty and Reasoning The Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation 123 Editors Beishui Liao ThomasÅgotnes Centerfor the Studyof Language University of Bergen andCognition Bergen,Norway ZhejiangUniversity, Xixi Campus Hangzhou, China YiN.Wang ZhejiangUniversity Hangzhou, China ISSN 2364-4613 ISSN 2364-4621 (electronic) Logicin Asia: Studia Logica Library ISBN978-981-13-7790-7 ISBN978-981-13-7791-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7791-4 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Logic and argumentation are two highly related but somewhat different research areas.Inourdailylife,argumentationisubiquitous,includingnotonlydeliberation and decision-making of individual agents, but also civil debate, dialogue, conver- sation and persuasion among a group of agents. It is about how conclusions or agreements can be reached through logical reasoning and/or dialogues. Unlike classical logics by which a set of inconsistent premises can lead to arbitrary and useless conclusions, (formal) argumentation can properly handle conflicting information, returning a set of conclusions satisfying some rational criteria. So, argumentation has a close relation to traditional non-monotonic logics and logic programming,suchasdefaultlogic,circumscription,answersetprogramming,etc., where knowledge used for reasoning is allowed to be inconsistent. It has been shown that a number of non-monotonic logics and approaches of logic program- ming can be represented in argumentation. Besides inconsistency, another two important properties of the reasoning systems with incomplete information are uncertaintyanddynamics.Inrecentyears,differentapproacheshavebeenproposed for combining argumentation and uncertainty, and for formulating dynamics of argumentation. This volume includes 6 papers selected from 16 submissions of the Second Chinese Conference on Logic and Argumentation (CLAR 2018) in 2018 held in Hangzhou,China,and3invitedpaperscontributedbyleadingresearchersinrelated fields. These papers nicely cover the fields of logic and argumentation, and the connection between them. Ontheonehand,fromtheperspectiveofargumentation,reasoningisrealizedby constructing, comparing and evaluating arguments. While the construction and comparison of arguments are studied in the direction of structured argumentation, which concerns how arguments and the relations over them are defined to satisfy some rationality postulates, the evaluation of the status of arguments is handled in an abstract argumentation framework (AF), which consists of a set of arguments andanattackrelationoverthem.Amongasetofconflictingarguments,asubsetof collectively accepted arguments is called an extension, and a function mapping an AF to a set of extensions is called an (extension-based) argumentation semantics. v vi Preface Intermsofdifferentevaluatingcriteria,therearedifferentargumentationsemantics, including complete, grounded, preferred, stable, naive, etc. Although argumentation semantics have been extensively studied in the argu- mentationcommunity,therearestillsomeinterestingresearchproblems,especially the ones related to uncertainty and dynamics. In this volume, Yuming Xu, Lidong Xu and Claudette Cayrol provide a structural analysis of extension-based argu- mentationsemantics,basedonanotionofjointacceptability.Theyshowthatusing thisnewapproach,anadmissibleset,acompleteextension,orapreferredextension can be iteratively built from a conflict-free collection of initial sets. Jérémie Dauphin, Marcos Cramer and Leendert van der Torre introduce a dynamic approach for combining argumentation semantics. They show that the merging of preferred semantics and grounded semantics is complete semantics, and that fea- turesofnaive-basedandcomplete-basedsemanticscanbemeaningfullycombined. Stefano Bistarelli, Francesco Santini and Carlo Taticchi study the dynamics of argumentationbyintroducinglocal-expansioninvariantoperatorsinargumentation semantics,suchthatforconflict-freesetsoradmissiblesetsofargumentsinanAF, applying such operators to the AF does not produce any change to the sets. Kang Xu,BeishuiLiaoandHuaxinHuangpresentanapproachtoupdateanAFsuchthat agivensetofargumentscanbeenforcedtobeanextensionoftheAF,bydefining general rules. This approach is based on a notion of characterizing an AF with respect to a given set of arguments. On theother hand, from theperspectivesoflogicand theinterplay oflogic and argumentation, inadditionto trying tounderstand thevarious logics themselves, it is interesting to investigate how various logics can be represented by argumenta- tion,andhowsomeaspects(e.g.semanticsandcomputation)ofargumentationcan be formulated by logics. Along these lines, in this volume, Huimin Dong, Norbert Gratzl and Olivier Roy propose a new solution to the well-known Free Choice Permission Paradoxes, by combining ideas from substructural logics and non-monotonic reasoning. Jie Fan introduces a uniform method for constructing ultrafilter extensions from canonical models, based on the similarity between ultrafilters and maximal consistent sets. Mengyuan Zhao develops game-theoretic models as a unified account for both implicatures and soft presuppositions, and explainswhysoft presuppositionsprojectnon-uniformly throughdifferent typesof quantifiers, and why soft presuppositions are easily defeasible. It is interesting to note that although these three papers do not directly focus on the connections betweenvariouslogicsandargumentation,theysharesomeimportantaspectswith argumentation, including utilizing principlesofnon-monotonic reasoning, defining maximalconsistentsetsandhandlingdefeasibilityofreasoning.Besidesthesethree papers, the remaining two papers are exactly in the direction of connecting logic and argumentation. Sylvie Doutre, Andreas Herzig and Laurent Perrussel study abstract argumentation in dynamic logic, by encoding AFs and their dynamics in Dynamic Logic of Propositional Assignments (DL-PA). David Fuenmayor and ChristophBenzmüllerutilizehigherorderautomateddeductiontechnologiesforthe logical analysis of natural language arguments. Preface vii Wewouldlike tothank alltheauthorswho submitted contributions,theinvited speakers(NatashaAlechina,AnthonyHunter,XudongLuoandTjitzeRienstra),as well as the program committee of CLAR 2018 (Pietro Baroni, Stefano Bistarelli, Alexander Bochman, Dragan Doder, Shanshan Du, Massimiliano Giacomin, JiahongGuo,AndreasHerzig,FengkuiJu,FenrongLiu,HuLiu,MinghuiMa,Nir Oren, Olivier Roy, Katsuhiko Sano, Guillermo Simari, Christian Straßer, Matthias Thimm, Hans van Ditmarsch, Leon van der Torre, Serena Villata, Stefan Woltran, Yun Xie, Fan Yang and Junhua Yu). We thank local organizers (Huimin Dong, FanghongShiandTengYing)fortheirexcellentwork,andZheYuforherhelpin the process of editing this volume. Meanwhile, we are grateful to Fenrong Liu and Hiroakira Ono, the editor in chief of this book series ‘Logic in Asia’ (LIAA), for their supportive recommen- dationofthisvolumetoLIAA,andtoFionaWuandLeanaLi,fortheirsupportin the process of publication of this volume. Finally, we acknowledge that CLAR 2018 is financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China for the project Big Data, Reasoning and Decision Making. Hangzhou, China Beishui Liao [email protected] Bergen, Norway Thomas Ågotnes Hangzhou, China Yi N. Wang January 2019 Contents Structural Analysis of Extension-Based Argumentation Semantics with Joint Acceptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Yuming Xu, Lidong Xu and Claudette Cayrol A Dynamic Approach for Combining Abstract Argumentation Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Jérémie Dauphin, Marcos Cramer and Leendert van der Torre Local Expansion Invariant Operators in Argumentation Semantics. . . . 45 Stefano Bistarelli, Francesco Santini and Carlo Taticchi Updating Argumentation Frameworks for Enforcing Extensions. . . . . . 63 Kang Xu, Beishui Liao and Huaxin Huang Open Reading and Free Choice Permission: A Perspective in Substructural Logics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Huimin Dong, Norbert Gratzl and Olivier Roy A Road to Ultrafilter Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Jie Fan Soft Presuppositions as Scalar Implicatures in Signaling Games . . . . . . 135 Mengyuan Zhao Abstract Argumentation in Dynamic Logic: Representation, Reasoning and Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Sylvie Doutre, Andreas Herzig and Laurent Perrussel Computational Hermeneutics: An Integrated Approach for the Logical Analysis of Natural-Language Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . 187 David Fuenmayor and Christoph Benzmüller ix Contributors Christoph Benzmüller Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg Stefano Bistarelli Università degli Studi di, Perugia, Italy Claudette Cayrol IRIT, Universite de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France Marcos Cramer TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany Jérémie Dauphin University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Huimin Dong Department of Philosophy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Sylvie Doutre IRIT, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France Jie Fan School of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China David Fuenmayor Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Norbert Gratzl MCMP, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany Andreas Herzig IRIT, CNRS, Toulouse, France Huaxin Huang Center for the Study of Language and Cognition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Beishui Liao Center for the Study of Language and Cognition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Laurent Perrussel IRIT, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole, Toulouse, France Olivier Roy Institut für Philosophie, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany Francesco Santini Università degli Studi di, Perugia, Italy Carlo Taticchi Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy xi
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