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DEVELOPMENTISN E ARTHA ND PLANETARYS CIENCES Editor: T. RIKITAK(ET okyIo nstitouftT ee chnology) EditoriBaola rd: S.A KASOF(UU niversoiftA yl aska) S.A KIMOTO( UniversoiftT yo kyo) N. FUKUSHIM(AU niversoiftT yo kyo) Y.H AGIWAR(AU niversoiftT yo kyo) H. KANAMORI(C aliforInnisat itouftT ee chnology) S.K ATO( KyotUon iversity) C. KISSLING(EURn iversoiftC yo lorado) A.M ASUDA( UniversoiftK yo be) A.N ISHID(AU niversoiftT yo kyo) M. OzIMA( UniversoiftT yo kyo) R. SATO( UniversoiftT yo kyo) S.U YEDA( UniversoiftT yo kyo) I.Y OKOYAMA( HokkaiUdnoi versity) DYNAMICS OF THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE SusumKua to DevelopmiennE tasr tahn dPl anetSacriye nces 01 Centerf oArc ademPiucb licatJiaopnasTn o/k yo D.R eidPuebll ishiCnogm panyD oIr dre·cBhots toLno·n don Libraroyf C ongresCsa talogiinnPg u blicatDiaotna DATA-APPEARS ON SEPARATE CARD ISBN 90-277-1132-1 Publishbeyd C entefro rA cademiPcu blicatiJoanpsa nT,o kyoi,n c o-publicawtiitohn D. ReidePlu blishiCnogm panyP,. 0 . Box 17,3 300A A Dordrecht. Solda nd distribuitne Jda panC,h inaK,o reaT,a iwanI,n donesCiaam,b odiaL,a os, MalaysiPah,i lippiTnheasi,l anVdi,e tnamB,u rma,I ndiaB,a nglDae sh,S riL ankab y Centefro rA cademiPcu blicatiJoanpsa n, 4-16, Yayoi 2-chome, B1u1n3ky,o -ku, Tokyo Japan. Solda nd distribuitne tdh el J.S.aAn.d Canadab y KluwerB ostonI nc.L,i ncoln Buildin1g6,0O ldD erbyS treeHti,n ghamM,A 02043U,. S.A. Solda nd distribuitne adl lo thecro untribeys K luwerA ca.demPiucb lishGerrosu p, P.0 . Box3 22,3 300A H DordrecHhotl land. Copyrig©h t1 980b y Centefro rA cademiPcu blicatiJoanpsa n Allr ightrse serveNdo. parto ft hem ateriparlo tectbeyd t hicso pyrignhott icmea y be reproducoerdu tilizienda nyf ormo r by any means,e lectroonri mce chanical, includipnhgo tocopyirnegc,o rdionrgb ,y a nyi nformatisotnoarla agned r etriesvyaslt em, withouwtr itten permfirsosmit ohnec opyrigohwtn er. PrinteidnJ apan PREFACE Studierse latetdo thee artha nd planetasl ongw itht heisru rround ingsa reo f greacto ncerfno rm oderns cientisGtlso.b agle odynamiacss represenbtye tdh ep lattee ctonhiacssn ow becomeo neo ft hem ostp ow erfutlo olbsy whichw e cans tudyt hec auseosf e arthquakveosl,c anic eruptiomnosu,n taifno rmatiaonnd t hel ikeV.a rioumsi ssionsse nto ut to thes pacem,a nnedo ru nmanned, broouugth.g te oscienfteiafitcu roefs them oon,M ars,V enusa nd otherp lanetEsa.r thquakpree diction that wast heb usineosfs astrolaongdef rosr tune-teslolmeert sw entyye arasg o, hasn ow grownu p tob e an importasncti encAe .n umbero fd estructive earthquawkeerse s uccessffuolrleyc aisntt heP eopleR'esp ubliocfC hina. Int hel ighotf t hea bove-mentioannedd o thera ccomplishmeinnt s geosciencwees f,e etlh ati ti sa goodt hintgo p ublisah s erioefsm ono graphwsh ichr evieswe lectteodp icosf e artahn dp lanetasrcyi enceWse. areo f courswee lla wareo ft hef actth ats imilmaorn ographhsa veb een andw ilble p ublishferdo mo versepausb lisherTsh.e series, wwhei ch planto p ubliswhi,l tlh erefopruets treosns Japanewseo rk.B utw e hope thatt hes eriweisl all sion cludree vieawr ticblye sd istinguisohveedr seas authors. The seriewsh,i chi sn amedt he" DevelopmenitnsE artha nd Plane tarSyc iencewsi"l ble publishbeyd t heC entefro rA cademiPcu blications Japana ndt heD . ReidePlu blishiCnogm pany.I ti sm y greaptl easutroe worka st heE ditoorft hes erieIs .s houlldi kteo h avec ommentosn what subjecwtes shalclh oosien thef uturpeu blicatioIn ssh.a lble g reatly obligiefda nyonweo ulds uggessuti tabslueb jecatnsd p otentaiuatlh orfso r thes eriteosm e. TsunejRii kitake Editor PREFACET O VOLUME 1 Thisb ooki sa mathematicoarlileyn tiendt roducttioo tnh ed ynamicosf thee arthu'psp erat mosphewriet,hs pecieamlp hasoins a coustic-garnadv ity tidawla vesa ndt heiiro nospheerffiecc tsT.h e basiecq uatiognosv erning atmosphemroitci onasn dt hee quilibrsituamto ef t hea tmosphearreep re senteidnC hapte1r. InC hapte2r t hep erturbaetqiuoant iaobnosu tth eb asic stataer ee xaminfoerd ani sotherpmlaalna et mospherTeh.e disperseiqouna tiorne latiwnagv ef requenacnyd h orizonatnadlv ertiwcaavle lengitsht sh en examineidnd etatiold etermitnheep ropagatcihoanr acteroifst thiewc asv es. Severeaxla mploefst hee xcitatoifto hne swea vebsy simplseo urcaerse t hen considerFeidn.a ltlhye i onosphepreirct urbatdiuoent so t hesaet mospheric wavesw ilble considerCehda.p te3r i sd evotetdot hed evelopmeonft t he theoroyfa tmosphetriidce is.,eg .l oboaslc illaotnia o nnosn -isothermal spheri cala tmosphewriet hp eriowdhsi cha rea ni ntegfrraalc tioofan d ay.C lassi calt idatlh eorwyi lble presentiendc onsidermaabtlhee matidceatla idlu,e botht oi tcso ntinurienlge vatnocdea ayn di tvsa luaes a mathematitcraali ning for studentIsn.a dditiroenc,e ndte velopmeinntt si datlh eorayn do bserva 4 tionwsi lble p resenteCdh.a pteri sa brieifn troducttoit ohnee lectrodynam icosf t hei onospheBraes.i pcl asmcao ncepatrsei ntroducweidt,ah n e mphasis on anisotroepliecc trciocnadlu ctivaintdii eosn osphecruircr entCsh.a pte5r ist hend evotetdoa thoroudgihs cussoifto hne d ynamot heorwyh,i cehx plains quietti mem agnetpiecr turbataisot nhser esulotfsc urreflnotw si nt hei ono spherder ivebny tidawli nds. Thea uthofre eltsh amtu cho ft hep rogretshsa hta sb eenm adei nu nder standitnhged ynamiocfst heu ppeart mospheirnte h el asttw od ecadiesst he direcrte sulotf thretee chnologiincnaolv atiornosck;e atnsd thes atellites theyl aunchc,o mputerasn,d high-powerreadd arsS.p acev ehiclheasv e madei tp ossibtloem akei n-simteua suremenitnts h eu ppera rmosphere. Computehrasv em adep ossibtlheec onstrucotfii onnc reasirnegallyi msattihce maticmaold elosf u pperat mosphedryen amics. Thel argien cohersecnatt treard arwse reb uilitnt hee arl1y9 60i'nso rder toi nvestitghaete ea rthi'osn ospherIen. t hes ucceediynega rtsh esrea dars V111 havep rovetdob eo neo ft hem ostp owerftuolo lfso ri nvestigtahteid nygn amics oft hen eutraatlm osphearsew ell.T heseg round-barsaedda rasr ea blet o measurceo ntinuoiunst liym aen ds imultaneoouvselary w ider angoef a ltitudes varioiuosn osphepraer ametetrrse,m endoaudsv antagients h es tudoyf w ave phenomenRae.c entiltyh ,a sb eens hown that thescea nm raakdeai rmsp or tanmte asuremeinntt sh el ower and maitdmdolsep herOeb.s ervatiboytn hse se radarwsi lble d iscussinem da ny paorftt sh is book. Mucho ft hem ateriiantl h ibso okw asfi rsptr esentienad g raduactoeu rse taughbty thea uthowrh,i lhee w asa visitpirnogf esisnot rh eM eteorology Departmeanttt heU niversoiftC ya liforantLi oas A ngeleisn1 973-74. Thea uthowra sf ortuntaoth ea veD r.R .M . Harpeorf R iceU niversity, HoustoTne,x asa,sa v isitsicnige ntaitts hteI onosphere ReLsaebaorrcaht ory, KyotoU nivresitdyu,r intgh ep eriowdh ent hibso ok wwarsi tteTnh.e a uthor isi ndebtteodD r.H arpeforr carefurlelayd itngh eo riginmaaln uscriapntd makinsge verhaell pfcuolm ments. The authort'hsa nkasl sgoo tot hem anyc olleagwuheosp ermitttehde useo ft ablaensd d iagrafmrso mt heiwro rks.T hea uthoirsi ndebtteodD r. T.A soI,o nosphReersee arch LaborKaytootroUy n,i versfiotrhy i,sc arefully readitnhge m anuscripTth.e a uthoarc knowledwgietsht hanktsh aMtr .T . Tsudaa, researacshs istIanotn,o spheRrees earLcahb oratohrays,d one nu mericcaall culatfioorTn asb l3e. 1 a ndF igs3..1 -3. 3. Thea uthoirsv eryt hankftuolP rofessT.o rR ikitafkoers upervistihneg editionfgt his boTohke.a uthors'isn cetrhea nkasl sgoo t oM rs.K atow,h o typetdh em anuscriapntd,t oM issM . Tatsukawwah,o assistiencd h ecking referenacnedsd iagrams. Publicatoifto hni bso oki sp artsluyb sidibzyet dh eM inistorfEy d ucation, Sciencaen,dC ulturoefJ apan. SusumuK ato Contents Prefac.e . . . . . . v Prefacteo Volume1 vu . Lisotf S ymbols . . x1 1 Chapte1r GeneraIln troduction 1.1 1 FundamentEaqlu atiofnosr A tmospherMioct ion 1.2 . . . . . . . . 5 . . . HydrostaEtqiuci libri.u m 1.3 AtmospherTiecm peratuDries tributainodn B rilnt-Viiisiilii . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Frequency 1.4 . . . . . 10 SteadHyo rizontMaolt ion 13 Chapte2r AcoustiGcr avitWya ves( AGW's) 2.1 13 AGW's ina n IsothermAatlm osphere 2.2 SimplEex ampleosf A GW Excitatiinot nh eU pperA tmo- . . . . . . . . . . . .2 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . sphere 2.3 TraveliInogn ospherDiics turban(cTeIsD )a ndO ther Ob- . . 35 serveAdG W's . 57 Chapte3r AtmospherTiicd es 3.1 58 ClassiTciadla lT heory 3.2 97 RecenDte velopmenitnsT idaTl heory 3.3 . . . . . . . . .1 15 TidalO bservati.o n 141 Chapte4r Electrodynamoiftc hse U pperA tmosphere 4.1 Motiono f ChargePda rticlMeosb,i lities, ECluercrternitc . . . . 141 andF iel.d 42. 150 Wind ShearE ffect.s . 165 Chapte5r TidaDly namo. 5.1 168 SeparatioofSn q betw�eInn ternaanld E xternPaalr ts 5.2 171 BasiSct ructuorfet heA tmospherDiycn amoT heory 5.3 RecenDte velopmeonftt heD ynamo Theorya ndC ompar- . . . . . . 180 isonw ithO bservat.i on 5.4 188 Validiotfyt heC onventioTnhaelo ry 201 Appendix. 217 References 229 SubjecItn dex LISTO F SYMBOLS Onlyt hoses ymbolwsh icha ppearo ftena res hown.O thers ymbols wilble definedw herevenre cessaTrhye. n umberinogf m athematifcoarl mulasi ss howna s( i,jw)h erei ist hec haptenru mbera ndj thef ormula numberi nt hec hapter(.A i,, ji)s u sedf orf ormuliasn A ppendix. Symbols Definition a Planerta diu6s,, 3k7m0 f ort hee arth. f Frequencnyo rmalizbeyd 2 Qa sf = (w/2Q). g Acceleratoifog nr aviotnyu nimta ss9,.8 1m sec-f2o rt hee arth on thes urface. e Electrcohna rge1,6. 0 x10C-o1u9l omb. k Wave number. Electraonnd i onm assr,e spectively. m Mach numberm,= l fors oniscp eedm,> l supesro nicm,< l subsonic. mo (wg/wwh.i)c hi sa bout0 .9 ford iatomic gas. Electraonnd i onn umberd ensitrye,s pectively. p Atmospherpirce ssupr0e,,s 1t ataincd p erturbpeadr tsr,e spec tive,la ysP =Po+iP· r Radiadli stanmceea surefdr om tphlea necte nter. Sg(X) Signf unctiSogn (=x ±) 1 forx �Or,e spectively. t Time x,y,z A right-handed Cacrotoersdiianna utseu;a lxly i st akepno si tives outhwaryd ,e astwaradn d z upward.z ism easured fromt heg roundr,= a+z. B Magnetiflcu xd ensit8y.0i sB oft heg eomagnetic field. 1 Bo= z-Bo.Jol + 3c osfJ2 1 B o=o -z B osom . fJ Bo�= 0