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DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROL OF AN ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTROL ACTUATION SYSTEM A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ÜMİT YERLİKAYA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SEPTEMBER 2016 Approval of the thesis: DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROL OF AN ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTROL ACTUATION SYSTEM submitted by ÜMİT YERLİKAYA in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences __________________ Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Head of Department, Mechanical Engineering __________________ Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Supervisor, Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU __________________ Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Metin Akkök Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU __________________ Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. İlhan Konukseven Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yiğit Yazıcıoğlu Mechanical Engineering Dept., METU __________________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. S. Çağlar Başlamışlı Mechanical Engineering Dept., Hacettepe University __________________ Date: 09.09.2016 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Ümit Yerlikaya Signature : iv ABSTRACT DYNAMIC MODELING AND CONTROL OF AN ELECTROMECHANICAL CONTROL ACTUATION SYSTEM Yerlikaya, Ümit M. S., Department of Mechanical Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan September 2016, 131 pages Electromechanical simulators, actuators are widely used in miscellaneous applications in engineering such as aircrafts, missiles, etc. These actuators have momentary overdrive capability, long-term storability and low quiescent power/low maintenance characteristics. Thus, electromechanical actuators are applicable option for any system in aerospace industry, instead of using hydraulic actuators. In the same way, they can be used in control actuation section of missiles to deflect flight control surfaces. Mostly used alternatives of control actuation system (CAS) are electromechanical, electrohydraulic and electrohydrostatic CASs. In this thesis, electromechanical control actuation systems that are composed of brushless direct current motor, ball screw and lever mechanism are studied. In this type of control actuation system, there are both nonlinearity and asymmetry which are caused by lever mechanism itself, saturation limits, Coulomb friction, backlash and initial mounting position of lever mechanism. In order to design controller and optimize controller parameters, all equations of motion are derived and so the detailed nonlinear and linear mathematical models of this system are obtained. The servo v drive amplifier of motor is used in current mode. Between position and current loops, inner velocity loop is used to provide extra damping to the system and avoid unnecessary oscillations. Therefore, three control loops are used. By using linear model of electromechanical CAS, according to performance requirements, it is decided that PI and P-controller are sufficient for position and velocity control, respectively. The limitations that are imposed to controllers which have integral gain cause a residual error, so the controllers tend to overshoot target value in order to eliminate it. In order to solve this problem, an anti-windup method is applied. Then, the unknown controller parameters and anti-windup coefficients are found according to the performance requirements by using MATLAB Response Optimization Tools on the nonlinear model. During the optimization, the nonlinear relations and limitations on controller outputs are considered. A prototype of electromechanical CAS with ball screw and lever mechanism is manufactured. All unknown parameters such as dimensions, masses, inertias of components, viscous and Coulomb frictions and backlash of the system are identified. Identified Coulomb friction values are used for friction compensation in real-time application. Real-time tests are performed with optimized controller parameters and anti-windup coefficient by using xPC Target (MATLAB-Simulink). Finally, the nonlinear model of electromechanical control actuation system is verified by making real-time tests on the manufactured prototype with and without external load. Keywords: Control Actuation System, Electromechanical Actuators, Fin, Control of Brushless DC Motor, Response Optimization, PID, xPC Target vi ÖZ ELEKTROMEKANİK KONTROL TAHRİK SİSTEMİNİN DİNAMİK MODELLENMESİ VE KONTROLÜ Yerlikaya, Ümit Yüksek Lisans, Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Eylül 2016, 131 sayfa Elektromekanik eyleyiciler uçak ve füzelerde olmak üzere birçok uygulamada sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu eyleyiciler anlık aşırı sürme kapasitesine, uzun vadeli depolanabilme özelliğine, pasif durumda düşük güç tüketebilme ve az bakım gerektirme karakteristiğine sahiptirler. Bu yüzden elektromekanik eyleyiciler havacılıktaki çoğu sistem için uygulanabilir bir seçenektir. Aynı şekilde bunlar füzelerin kontrol bölümlerinde uçuş kontrol yüzeylerini döndürmek için kullanılabilmektedir. En çok kullanılan kontrol tahrik sistemleri elektromekanik, elektrohidrolik ve elektrohidrostatik alternatifleridir. Bu tez kapsamında, fırçasız doğru akım motoru, bilyeli vida ve kaldıraç mekanizmasından oluşan bir elektromekanik kontrol tahrik sistemi ele alınmıştır. Bu tip kontrol tahrik sistemlerinde, kaldıraç mekanizmasının kendisinden, limitlerden, Coulomb sürtünmelerinden, boşluklardan ve kaldıracın ilk montaj konumlanmasından kaynaklanan bazı doğrusal olmayan durumlar ve simetri bozuklukları mevcuttur. Kontrolcü tasarımı ve kontrolcü parametrelerinin en iyilenmesi için tüm hareket denklemleri türetilmiş, sistemin ayrıntılı doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan matematiksel vii modelleri elde edilmiştir. Servomotor sürücüsü akım modunda kullanılmaktadır. Sisteme fazladan sönüm katmak ve oluşabilecek gereksiz salınımları engellemek için konum ve akım döngüsü arasına eklenen hız iç döngüsü ile üç kontrol döngüsü kullanılmaktadır. Doğrusal model kullanılarak, başarım gereksinimlerine göre konum ve hız kontrolcüsü olarak sırasıyla PI ve P kontrolcülerin kullanılmasının yeterli olduğuna karar verilmiştir. İntegral kazancı olan kontrolcü çıkışlarına uygulanan sınırlar hataların artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Gerçekleşen değerin referans komutuna varmasına rağmen, bu hatalar hemen giderilememektedir. Bu durumu ortadan kaldırmak için “anti-windup” yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Sonrasında, belli olmayan kontrolcü parametreleri ve “anti-windup” katsayısı, doğrusal olmayan model kullanılarak performans gereksinimine göre MATLAB Response Optimization Tools (cevap en iyileme araçları) yardımıyla bulunmuştur. En iyileme sırasında, doğrusal olmayan ilişkiler ve kontrolcü çıkışlarına uygulanan sınırlamalar göz önünde bulundurulmuştur. Kaldıraç mekanizmalı ve bilyeli vidalı elektromekanik kontrol tahrik sisteminin prototipi üretilmiştir. Bileşenlerin boyutları, kütleleri, atalet momentleri ve sistemin viskoz/Coulomb sürtünmeleri ve boşluk gibi bilinmeyen parametreler belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen Coulomb sürtünme değerleri gerçek zamanlı uygulamada sürtünme telafisi olarak kullanılmıştır. Gerçek zamanlı testler, en iyilenen kontrolcü parametreleri ve “anti-windup” katsayısı kullanılarak xPC Target (MATLAB-Simulink) ortamında yapılmıştır. Son olarak, üretilen prototip üzerinde harici yük olmadan ve harici yük altında gerçek zamanlı testler yapılarak, doğrusal olmayan benzetim modeli doğrulanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kontrol Tahrik Sistemi, Elektromekanik Eyleyici, Fin, Fırçasız Doğru Akım Motor Kontrolü, Cevap Eniyileme, PID, xPC Target viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor Prof. Dr. Tuna BALKAN for his guidance throughout my thesis study. Then I would like to thank TÜBİTAK for scholarship and financial supports which made this project possible. I hope their endless support to science and scientists continue to enrich our scientific heritage. I wish to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Bülent E. PLATİN and Ahmet Can AFATSUN for their guidance throughout my thesis study. I am in debt of gratitude to Aslı AKGÖZ BİNGÖL in ROKETSAN Inc. for her friendly support and advices. I also owe thanks to my colleagues in my unit in ROKETSAN Inc. who helped me in every subject throughout the years of my study. Finally I wish to express my sincere thanks to my father Ahmet YERLİKAYA, my mother Nigar YERLİKAYA, my sister Ayfer YERLİKAYA and lastly I dedicate this thesis work to my lovely son, Onur YERLİKAYA. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ V ÖZ ............................................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... IX TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ X LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. XIII LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................. XVIII LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................. XIX CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Literature Survey .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Electromechanical Control Actuation Systems (EM-CASs) ................... 2 1.1.1.1 EM-CAS with Screw and Lever Mechanism ................................... 3 1.1.1.2 EM-CAS with Clutch Actuator ........................................................ 6 1.1.1.3 EM-CAS with Worm Gear ............................................................... 7 1.1.2 Electrohydrostatic Control Actuation Systems (EHS-CASs) .................. 8 1.1.3 Electrohydraulic Control Actuation Systems (EH-CASs) ....................... 9 1.2 Objective and Scope of Thesis ....................................................................... 12 1.3 Thesis Outline ................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................... 17 2 DYNAMIC MODELING OF EM-CAS ............................................................ 17 2.1 Mechanical System ........................................................................................ 17 2.1.1 Kinematic Relations ............................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Equations of Motion ............................................................................... 20 2.2 Electrical System ............................................................................................ 28 2.3 Block Diagram of EM-CAS ........................................................................... 29 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................... 33 3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SYSTEM PARAMETERS ................................. 33 3.1 System Performance Criteria ......................................................................... 34 3.2 The Components of EM-CAS ........................................................................ 35 x

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same way, they can be used in control actuation section of missiles to deflect flight control surfaces mother Nigar YERLİKAYA, my sister Ayfer YERLİKAYA and lastly I dedicate this deutsch.pdf, Last accessed on: July 21, 2016.
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