Dynamic and Immobilist Politics in Japan PDF
Preview Dynamic and Immobilist Politics in Japan
ST ANTONY'S/MACMILLAN SERIES General editors: Archie Brown (1978-85) and Rosemary Thorp (1985- ), both Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford Roy Allison FINLAND'S RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION, 1944-84 Said Amir Arjomand (editor) FROM NATIONALISM TO REVOLUTIONARY ISLAM Anders Aslund PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN EASTERN EUROPE Orner Bartov THE EASTERN FRONT, 1941-45: GERMAN TROOPS AND THE BARBARISATION OF WARFARE Gail Lee Bernstein and Haruhiro Fukui (editors) JAPAN AND THE WORLD Archie Brown (editor) POLITICAL CULTURE AND COMMUNIST STUDIES Archie Brown (editor) POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND THE SOVIET UNION Archie Brown and Michael Kaser (editors) SOVIET POLICY FOR THE 1980s Victor Bulmer-Thomas STUDIES IN THE ECONOMIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA S. B. Burman CHIEFDOM POLITICS AND ALIEN LAW Helen Callaway GENDER, CULTURE AND EMPIRE Renfrew Christie ELECTRICITY, INDUSTRY AND CLASS IN SOUTH AFRICA Robert 0. Collins and Francis M. Deng (editors) THE BRITISH IN THE SUDAN 1898-1956 Roger Cooter (editor) STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE Wilhelm Deist THE WEHRMACHT AND GERMAN REARMAMENT Robert Desjardins THE SOVIET UNION THROUGH FRENCH EYES, 1945-85 Guido di Tella ARGENTINA UNDER PER6N, 1973-76 Guido di Tella and D. C. M. Platt (editors) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ARGENTINA 1880-1946 Guido di Tella and Rudiger Dornbusch (editors) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF ARGENTINA 1946-83 Simon Duke US DEFENCE BASES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Julius A. Elias PLATO'S DEFENCE OF POETRY Ricardo Ffrench-Davis and Ernesto Tironi (editors) LATIN AMERICA AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER Anne Lincoln Fitzpatrick THE NIZHNI NOVGOROD FAIR David Footman ANTONIN BESSE OF ADEN Bohdan Harasymiw POLITICAL ELITE RECRUITMENT IN THE SOVIET UNION Neil Harding (editor) THE STATE IN SOCIALIST SOCIETY Richard Holt SPORT AND SOCIETY IN MODERN FRANCE Albert Hourani EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE EAST Albert Hourani THE EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST J. R. Jennings GEORGES SOREL A. Kemp-Welch (translator) THE BIRTH OF SOLIDARITY Paul Kennedy and Anthony Nicholls (editors) NATIONALIST AND RACIALIST MOVEMENTS IN BRITAIN AND GERMANY BEFORE 1914 Richard Kindersley (editor) IN SEARCH OF EUROCOMMUNISM Maria D'Aiva G. Kinzo LEGAL OPPOSITION POLITICS UNDER AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN BRAZIL Bohdan Krawchenko SOCIAL CHANGE AND NATIONAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY UKRAINE Gisela C. Lebzelter POLITICAL ANTI-SEMITISM IN ENGLAND, 1918-1939 Nancy Lubin LABOUR AND NATIONALITY IN SOVIET CENTRAL ASIA C. A. MacDonald THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN AND APPEASEMENT, 1936-39 Robert H. McNeal STALIN: MAN AND RULER Robert H. McNeal TSAR AND COSSACK, 1855-1914 David Nicholls HAITI IN CARIBBEAN CONTEXT Patrick O'Brien (editor) RAILWAYS AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN EUROPE, 1830-1914 Amii Omara-Otunnu POLITICS AND THE MILITARY IN UGANDA, 1890-1985 Roger Owen (editor) STUDIES IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES Han Pappe BRITAIN AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT, 194~51 D. C. M. Platt and Guido di Tella (editors) ARGENTINA, AUSTRALIA AND CANADA: STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT, 1870-1965 Irena Powell WRITERS AND SOCIETY IN MODERN JAPAN Alex Pravda (editor) HOW RULING COMMUNIST PARTIES ARE GOVERNED T. H. Rigby and Ferenc Feher (editors) POLITICAL LEGITIMATION IN COMMUNIST STATES Hans Rogger JEWISH POLICIES AND RIGHT-WING POLITICS IN IMPERIAL RUSSIA Marilyn Rueschemeyer PROFESSIONAL WORK AND MARRIAGE A. J. R. Russell-Wood THE BLACK MAN IN SLAVERY AND FREEDOM IN COLONIAL BRAZIL Nurit Schleifman UNDERCOVER AGENTS IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT Amnon Sella and Yael Yishai ISRAEL THE PEACEFUL BELLIGERENT, 1967- 79 Aron Shai BRITAIN AND CHINA, 1941-47 Lewis H. Siegelbaum THE POLITICS OF INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION IN RUSSIA, 1914-17 H. Gordon Skilling SAMIZDAT AND AN INDEPENDENT SOCIETY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE David Stafford BRITAIN AND EUROPEAN RESISTANCE, 1940-45 Nancy Stepan THE IDEA OF RACE IN SCIENCE J. A. A. Stockwin, Alan Rix, Aurelia George, James Horne, Daiichi Ito, Martin Collick DYNAMIC AND IMMOBILIST POLITICS IN JAPAN Verena Stolcke COFFEE PLANTERS, WORKERS AND WIVES Jane E. Stromseth THE ORIGINS OF FLEXIBLE RESPONSE Marvin Swartz THE POLITICS OF BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY IN THE ERA OF DISRAELI AND GLADSTONE Rosemary Thorp (editor) LATIN AMERICA IN THE 1930s Rosemary Thorp and Laurence Whitehead (editors) INFLATION AND STABILISATION IN LATIN AMERICA Rosemary Thorp and Laurence Whitehead (editors) LATIN AMERICAN DEBT AND THE ADJUSTMENT CRISIS Rudolf L. T6kes (editor) OPPOSITION IN EASTERN EUROPE Jane Watts BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN WRITING TODAY Philip J. Winters THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND POLITICS IN NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA Toshio Yokoyama JAPAN IN THE VICTORIAN MIND Series Stanl.lina Order If you would like to receive future titles in this series as they are published, you can make use of our standing order facility. To place a standing order please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address and the name of the series. Please state with which title you wish to begin your standing order. (If you live outside the UK we may not have the rights for your area, in which case we will forward your order to the publisher concerned.) Standing Order Service, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG212XS, England. Dynamic and Immobilist Politics in Japan J. A. A. Stockwin Nissan Professor of Modern Japanese Studies, Director of the Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies, University of Oxford and Fellow of St Antony's College, Oxford Alan Rix Professor of Japanese Studies, Department of Japanese and Chinese Studies, University of Queensland Aurelia George Senior Lecturer in Politics at the University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra James Horne Officer of the Australian Treasury, Canberra Daiichi Ito Professor of Public Administration, Faculty of Law, Hokkaid6 University, and Professor of Public Administration, Graduate School for Policy Science, Saitama University Martin Collick Director, Centre of Japanese Studies, University of Sheffield M MACMILLAN in association with PRESS PALGRAVE MACMILLAN © J. A. A. Stockwin 1988 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1988 978-0-333-46786-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place, London WCIE 7DP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. First published 1988 Published by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world Typeset by Wessex Typesetters (Division of The Eastern Press Ltd) Frome, Somerset British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Dynamic and immobilist politics in Japan. -(St. Antony's/Macmillan series). 1. Japan-Politics and government- 1945- I. Stockwin, J. A. A. II. St Antony's College 320.952 JQ615 ISBN 978-1-349-10299-0 ISBN 978-1-349-10297-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-10297-6 Contents List of Tables vii Preface ix Glossary of Terms xn Notes on the Contributors xvi 1 Dynamic and Immobilist Aspects of Japanese Politics 1 J. A. A. Stockwin 2 Parties, Politicians and the Political System 22 J. A. A. Stockwin 3 Bureaucracy and Political Change in Japan 54 Alan Rix 4 Policy Implications of Administrative Reform 77 Daiichi Ito 5 Japanese Interest Group Behaviour: An Institutional Approach 106 Aurelia George 6 The Economy and the Political System 141 James Horne 7 Politics and the Japanese Financial System 171 James Horne 8 Social Policy: Pressures and Responses 205 Martin Collick 9 Japan and the United States: Dependent Ally or Equal Partner? 237 Aurelia George v vi Contents 10 Dynamism, Foreign Policy and Trade Policy 297 Alan Rix 11 Conclusions 325 J. A. A. Stockwin Index 333 List of Tables 2.1 House of Representatives election results, 1958--86 29 2.2 Third Nakasone cabinet, 28 December 1985 38 2.3 LDP lower house members, factional affiliation and cabinet experience 41 2.4 Frequency of ministerial changes by ministry, November 1964--July 1987 42 2.5 Average length of tenure of portfolio, by ministry, November 1964--July 1987 43 2.6 Ministers holding a portfolio for a total of twenty months or more, November 1964--July 1987 44 2.7 Ministers holding portfolios in Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Economic Planning Agency and as Chief Cabinet Secretary for a total of thirty months or more, November 1964--July 1987 45 2.8 Ministers held over from administration of one prime minister to that of the next, November 1964-- July 1987 46 4.1 Distribution of researchers among departments 84 4.2 Ratio of dependency on bonds 86 5.1 Number of interest group officials in the Diet by type of group, 1980--3 110 5.2 Interest group representatives in the Diet by type of group 138 7.1 The regulators 177 vii Preface This book originated in a series of discussions held at the Australian National University in Canberra in the latter half of 1981, between several people whose main research interest lay in the field of Japanese politics. We thought that by pooling our quite diverse expertise we ought to be able to produce a book that would throw new light on the relationship between Japan's political system and how decisions were actually made. The most puzzling aspect of that relationship seemed to us to be that whereas in certain areas decision making was imaginative and fast-moving, in other areas it was very difficult for decision makers to do anything beyond following precedent and hoping for a quiet life. We suspected that the way political institutions had evolved during the modern period, and especially since the American Occupation following the Second World War, had a great deal to do with this curious dichotomy, which in recent times has exasperated some of those who have had to deal with Japan. The dichotomy could be expressed by the words 'dynamism' and 'immobilism', and hence the title of this book. Those involved in the original discussions and who agreed to participate in this book were Aurelia George, James Horne, Alan Rix and myself. For all of us the Australian National University, with its strong commitment to the study of Asia, including Japan, had been a formative influence. Subsequently we recruited two more participants whose particular expertise was especially relevant to the project, Martin Collick of the Centre of Japanese Studies, University of Sheffield, and Daiichi Ito, a most distinguished Japanese political scientist, of Hokkaido and Saitama Universities. We all shared a belief, not only that Japan was important (which is obvious) but that a precise analytical understanding of Japan was important, and we also shared a dislike of stereotypes which have been all too common in writing on Japan. Between 1981 and the present the members of the original group have moved to diverse institutions and locations. Not long after the original discussions took place I myself moved to my present position in Oxford, which meant that most of the job of coordinating the project had to be done by correspondence. Unfortunately the varying demands on our time and in particular my own tardiness have delayed the completion of the work for longer than we would have liked. IX X Preface Nevertheless, we believe that the chapters taken separately and together constitute, if not a resolution, at least a partial unravelling, of the basic conundrum we sought to address. We hope also, that in the course of addressing our central problem we have also told the reader something about what Japanese politics in its various aspects is really like and how it is developing. It did not prove possible to time the writing of all the chapters so that they were completed at the same time, and although some subsequent updating has taken place, some of the chapters refer to a rather earlier period than others. They should be read, therefore, as case studies from slightly different time-frames, rather than up-to-the-minute accounts of the current state of play. In any case the field of Japanese politics and political decision making is so capacious that we have done little more than sample its richness. We feel reasonably confident, however, that we have focused on central aspects and issues. There is no need to summarise the chapters here except in the most cursory fashion. In Chapter 1 the central problems of the book are introduced, and in Chapter 2 the main focus is on political parties, in particular the Liberal Democratic Party, which is central to the system as a whole. Chapter 3 analyses the equally important government bureaucracy, Chapter 4 is a case study of the Provisional Commission on Administrative Reform (Rincho), one of the most fascinating experiments in recent Japanese political history, and Chapter 5 investigates the way interest groups operate in the Japanese context. In Chapter 6 the ways in which the economy intermeshes with politics is discussed, while in Chapter 7 the focus is on the politics of the financial system. Chapters 8, 9 and 10 are essentially case studies, respectively of social welfare, defence and the US relationship, and of policy in relation to exports. Some conclusions are drawn in Chapter 11. In this book Japanese names are given in the normal Japanese order of surname first and personal name second, except for citations of works written in English, where the name has been changed to the order which is usual in English. (In some cases, however, the Japanese order is preserved in English language publications, and where this is so, that order is kept.) Macrons are used to distinguish long from short vowels in Japanese (since this often makes a difference to the sense), except for the word 'Tokyo'. Abbreviations, technical terms and expressions in Japanese are explained at first use, but the
The list of books you might like
